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[Music]

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do

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[Music]

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welcome back to the ufo rabbit hole

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podcast i'm your host kelly chase

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so now we're really starting to get to

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the good part

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as we discussed in the last two episodes

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the pentagon has confirmed that ufos are

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real

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however they very conspicuously avoided

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public speculation about what they could

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actually be

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what they have said basically boils down

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to this

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there are intelligently controlled

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technological objects being tracked in

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our skies and in our oceans that can do

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things that we can't explain

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we don't know what they are exactly and

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we don't know who they belong to but

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they aren't ours and we don't believe

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that they belong to any other country

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so what the heck are they

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and does this mean what it sounds like

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it means

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although the pentagon has very

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purposefully not said the words alien or

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extraterrestrial

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they have yet to offer any other

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explanation and so the natural

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conclusion for many is that if they

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aren't from here

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they must be from out there

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so what evidence is there that it's

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aliens

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like everything else that has to do with

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this topic the answer is more

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complicated than you might think

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so get some snacks clear your schedule

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and buckle up friends we've got a lot of

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ground to cover today and a great place

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for us to start is with fermi's paradox

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in 1950 enrico fermi a physicist at los

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alamos national laboratory who as a side

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note developed the first nuclear reactor

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was having lunch with his friends when

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he wondered aloud

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where is everybody fermi had been

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thinking about the lack of evidence for

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extraterrestrial life and it just didn't

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make sense to him

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after all if the universe is 14 billion

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years old and there are over a billion

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trillion stars how could we possibly be

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alone

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heard from some of our neighbors by now

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just look at our own development as a

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species in less than a million years we

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went from rudimentary wooden tools to

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landing on the moon

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launching a probe beyond our solar

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system and we're starting to eye mars

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for colonization

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fermi crunched some numbers and he

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reasoned that any species with the

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ability and drive to colonize other

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worlds would be able to colonize an

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entire galaxy in about 10 million years

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now 10 million years may sound like a

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crazy long time

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but when you think about the fact that

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our galaxy is 10 000 million years old

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you realize that's actually no time at

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all

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so given those odds we almost certainly

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should have encountered extraterrestrial

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intelligence by now

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but as fermi asked where is everybody

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and that's the paradox there are a bunch

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of possible explanations for why this is

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the case and all of them are super

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interesting and also very relevant to

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this whole is aliens conversation so

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let's spend a little time with this

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one thing that makes fermi's paradox

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particularly perplexing is that the

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earth is relatively young in the context

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of the universe

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the universe is estimated to be 14

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billion years old but the earth is only

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about 4.5 billion years old if we think

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about how difficult it would be for

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someone from a thousand years ago to

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comprehend our current level of

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technology and then recognize how our

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technological development has seemed to

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increase exponentially over the last

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century it can be hard to imagine what a

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civilization that's a thousand years

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ahead of us would look like

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much less one that had a head start of

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billions of years

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there is this model called the kardashev

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scale that we use to try to wrap our

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minds around this

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the kardashev scale is based on the

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assumption that as a civilization

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advances and begins to colonize the

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universe

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that its population growth and

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technological developments will require

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increasing amounts of energy and it

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categorizes civilizations by the amount

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of energy that they're able to harness

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and there are three main categories type

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1 type 2 and type 3 civilizations

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a type 1 civilization is able to harness

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all of the energy of its planet

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humans aren't even a type one

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civilization yet we're still down at

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type zero and to give you a sense of how

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far we are from that right now we're

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actually only able to produce about one

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one hundred thousands of that energy but

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as a type 1 civilization we'd

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hypothetically be able to harness all of

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the power of the earth's oceans volcanic

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activity and more a type 2 civilization

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is able to harness all of the energy of

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its host star that would take a level of

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technology that we can scarcely

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understand

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scientists proposed that it could be

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done with a hypothetical megastructure

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called a dyson sphere that would

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basically be built around the sun to

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catch every bit of solar radiation

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a type 3 civilization is able to harness

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all of the energy of its galaxy

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i'm not even going to pretend to

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speculate on how that might be done it

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truly boggles the mind

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however if a civilization was really

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billions of years ahead of us in their

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development this is the level of

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advanced civilization that would be

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possible

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and if they're out there you'd think

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they'd be super noticeable especially if

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there were a lot of them so

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how many of these advanced civilizations

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do we think might be out there

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now that's where things get complicated

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there's a generally accepted formula for

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determining how many alien civilizations

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there should be who have reached a level

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of technological sophistication that we

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should be able to detect

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this is called the drake equation and

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while scientists agree on the formula

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itself when you start plugging in

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numbers there's a lot of debate i'm not

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even going to attempt to read this

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equation to you i don't really math

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but it's pretty straightforward and

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logical once you break it down

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basically you just multiply the

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following variables together

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the rate of formation of stars suitable

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for the development of intelligent life

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the fraction of those stars with

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planetary systems

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the number of planets per solar system

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with an environment that's suitable for

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life

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the fraction of suitable planets on

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which life actually appears

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the fraction of life-bearing planets on

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which intelligent life emerges

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the fraction of civilizations that

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develop a technology that produces

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detectable signs of their existence

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and the average length of time such

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civilizations produce such signs

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that makes a lot of sense right

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the issue with the drake equation is

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that it's one big multiplication problem

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so if even one of the numbers you plug

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in is zero for instance if the number of

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other planets on which intelligent life

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can evolve is zero

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then the answer is zero and the reason

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we haven't found anyone else is because

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they aren't there

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and because that has been our experience

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it can be easy to want to stop right

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there and say case closed

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the problem is is that if we assume that

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any of those variables in the drake

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equation are zero

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or close enough to it to effectively be

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zero

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that makes us very special

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we're not just talking about one in a

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million but one in 100 billion and

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that's just talking about the planets in

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our own galaxy

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what are the chances that we are

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actually that special

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that's a question that's actually

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impossible to answer at least with the

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data we currently have because of

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something called the observation

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selection effect

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when some property of a thing is

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correlated with the observer existing in

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the first place when such an effect is

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present the data will be biased often in

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significant ways

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the more extreme the correlation

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basically the more that the thing being

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observed is related to the observer the

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more unusual effects it could have

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so in this case the thing that we're

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trying to observe is whether or not we

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are unique on a level that would make

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finding others like us unlikely

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the problem is that our human intellect

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that we use to even ask that question

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inherently makes us special as far as we

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know we're the only species in the 4.5

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billion year history of this planet that

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has reached this level of sentient

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consciousness and intelligence

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that's pretty special right there

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so ultimately we really have no way of

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knowing how special or how not special

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we are

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even if there was only one intelligent

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species in the entire universe that

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intelligent species would inevitably ask

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this question

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we could be that one or we could be one

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of billions we simply don't know

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and so that leaves a lot of unanswered

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questions

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but also a lot of possibilities in terms

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of what could explain the fermi paradox

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we can't really narrow it down without

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more information so let's talk about

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what those possibilities are

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when we get down to basics with the

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fermi paradox we recognize that one of

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two things has to be true

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either we haven't found signs of

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intelligent life outside of our planet

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because it isn't there in other words

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we're special

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or there's intelligent life all over the

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place but there's a good explanation for

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why we haven't found it yet in other

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words we're not special

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so let's start with that first

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possibility that we haven't found signs

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of intelligent life outside of our

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planet because it isn't there

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so this is a world in which we are

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special but as we'll see that's not

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necessarily good news for us

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because while fermi's math calculated

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that there were potentially thousands of

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other intelligent civilizations in our

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galaxy and other people claim much

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smaller and much more specific numbers

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like 36

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if even one of them is a type 2 or a

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type 3 civilization their presence

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should be pretty obvious

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so

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if they're supposed to be other

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intelligent civilizations here and they

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aren't then that means that there must

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be something else going on and to

285
00:10:32,630 --> 00:10:30,079
address this problem there is a theory

286
00:10:34,630 --> 00:10:32,640
of the great filter which is basically

287
00:10:37,190 --> 00:10:34,640
the idea that somewhere between the

288
00:10:40,310 --> 00:10:37,200
pre-life stage of a planet and the type

289
00:10:43,190 --> 00:10:40,320
3 stage there's a filtering event that

290
00:10:44,150 --> 00:10:43,200
all or nearly all species fail to get

291
00:10:46,550 --> 00:10:44,160
past

292
00:10:49,030 --> 00:10:46,560
if that's the case then our fate is very

293
00:10:51,110 --> 00:10:49,040
much tied to where we are in relation to

294
00:10:52,550 --> 00:10:51,120
the great filter and there are three

295
00:10:54,790 --> 00:10:52,560
possibilities

296
00:10:59,030 --> 00:10:54,800
either one were rare

297
00:11:01,110 --> 00:10:59,040
two or first or three we're screwed

298
00:11:02,550 --> 00:11:01,120
so let's start with number one that

299
00:11:04,790 --> 00:11:02,560
we're rare

300
00:11:06,710 --> 00:11:04,800
in this scenario the great filter is

301
00:11:08,949 --> 00:11:06,720
already behind us and we're one of the

302
00:11:10,470 --> 00:11:08,959
vanishingly small amount of species that

303
00:11:11,829 --> 00:11:10,480
ever make it this far

304
00:11:14,069 --> 00:11:11,839
yay us

305
00:11:15,990 --> 00:11:14,079
so if this is the case then what could

306
00:11:17,670 --> 00:11:16,000
the great filter have been

307
00:11:19,190 --> 00:11:17,680
it's hard to tell but there are some

308
00:11:20,949 --> 00:11:19,200
strong candidates

309
00:11:23,590 --> 00:11:20,959
it could be that the conditions that

310
00:11:25,910 --> 00:11:23,600
create life are extremely rare and that

311
00:11:27,269 --> 00:11:25,920
the vast majority of planets never even

312
00:11:29,590 --> 00:11:27,279
get that far

313
00:11:31,350 --> 00:11:29,600
or it could be that simple forms of life

314
00:11:33,190 --> 00:11:31,360
like single-celled organisms are

315
00:11:35,350 --> 00:11:33,200
relatively common but that it's

316
00:11:37,590 --> 00:11:35,360
extremely rare for those to develop into

317
00:11:39,829 --> 00:11:37,600
multicellular organisms

318
00:11:42,150 --> 00:11:39,839
or it could be that complex life like

319
00:11:44,630 --> 00:11:42,160
plants and animals as we know them are

320
00:11:47,509 --> 00:11:44,640
pretty common but that developing human

321
00:11:49,430 --> 00:11:47,519
level intelligence is super rare

322
00:11:51,750 --> 00:11:49,440
it could also be that the earth itself

323
00:11:53,829 --> 00:11:51,760
is just super rare we tend to take for

324
00:11:56,629 --> 00:11:53,839
granted how perfectly calibrated our

325
00:11:58,629 --> 00:11:56,639
planet is to support life just the fact

326
00:12:00,790 --> 00:11:58,639
that we have such a big moon that orbits

327
00:12:03,110 --> 00:12:00,800
so closely to the planet and is tidally

328
00:12:05,030 --> 00:12:03,120
locked with the earth creates the ocean

329
00:12:07,430 --> 00:12:05,040
tides and currents that stabilize our

330
00:12:09,509 --> 00:12:07,440
seasons making our planet particularly

331
00:12:11,030 --> 00:12:09,519
hospitable to life

332
00:12:13,030 --> 00:12:11,040
maybe it's our moon that's allowed

333
00:12:15,030 --> 00:12:13,040
complex life to evolve and flourish long

334
00:12:16,470 --> 00:12:15,040
enough to produce intelligent life it's

335
00:12:18,389 --> 00:12:16,480
certainly possible

336
00:12:19,910 --> 00:12:18,399
and actually we have lots of reasons to

337
00:12:22,230 --> 00:12:19,920
believe that our moon is nothing like

338
00:12:23,110 --> 00:12:22,240
other moons it's an outlier in a lot of

339
00:12:24,550 --> 00:12:23,120
ways

340
00:12:26,389 --> 00:12:24,560
i know i don't have time to talk to you

341
00:12:28,310 --> 00:12:26,399
about the moon right now we're right in

342
00:12:30,230 --> 00:12:28,320
the middle of something but stick a pin

343
00:12:32,150 --> 00:12:30,240
in that and we'll get back to it because

344
00:12:34,230 --> 00:12:32,160
the moon is weird

345
00:12:35,190 --> 00:12:34,240
so possibility number two is that we're

346
00:12:37,190 --> 00:12:35,200
first

347
00:12:39,350 --> 00:12:37,200
if we're not rare but we still can't

348
00:12:41,030 --> 00:12:39,360
find anybody else could it be that we

349
00:12:41,990 --> 00:12:41,040
just got to the stage of development

350
00:12:43,430 --> 00:12:42,000
first

351
00:12:45,030 --> 00:12:43,440
perhaps

352
00:12:47,190 --> 00:12:45,040
one obvious complication for this

353
00:12:49,430 --> 00:12:47,200
possibility though is that as we

354
00:12:51,430 --> 00:12:49,440
discussed the earth is relatively young

355
00:12:53,430 --> 00:12:51,440
compared to the universe itself

356
00:12:55,509 --> 00:12:53,440
so how could we be first if we're

357
00:12:57,350 --> 00:12:55,519
seemingly late to the party

358
00:12:59,350 --> 00:12:57,360
one explanation could be that the

359
00:13:01,670 --> 00:12:59,360
universe was just too chaotic for life

360
00:13:03,190 --> 00:13:01,680
to develop during the time before the

361
00:13:05,110 --> 00:13:03,200
earth was formed

362
00:13:06,710 --> 00:13:05,120
the earth may have just popped up at the

363
00:13:08,790 --> 00:13:06,720
earliest time where there was enough

364
00:13:11,509 --> 00:13:08,800
stability to support the development and

365
00:13:13,350 --> 00:13:11,519
evolution of complex life forms

366
00:13:15,509 --> 00:13:13,360
in this scenario there wouldn't even

367
00:13:17,670 --> 00:13:15,519
necessarily need to be a great filtering

368
00:13:19,590 --> 00:13:17,680
event we just have to be patient until

369
00:13:21,509 --> 00:13:19,600
everyone else catches up

370
00:13:23,829 --> 00:13:21,519
and the final possibility is that the

371
00:13:25,430 --> 00:13:23,839
great filter is ahead of us and we're

372
00:13:27,750 --> 00:13:25,440
most likely on a collision course with

373
00:13:30,069 --> 00:13:27,760
our ultimate demise as a species in

374
00:13:31,910 --> 00:13:30,079
short we're screwed it could be that

375
00:13:34,069 --> 00:13:31,920
once a species reaches a certain level

376
00:13:35,910 --> 00:13:34,079
of technological advancement that most

377
00:13:37,110 --> 00:13:35,920
if not all of them end up destroying

378
00:13:38,949 --> 00:13:37,120
themselves

379
00:13:41,030 --> 00:13:38,959
this scenario hits pretty close to home

380
00:13:43,030 --> 00:13:41,040
when you think about the absolute havoc

381
00:13:45,750 --> 00:13:43,040
that our technological advancements have

382
00:13:46,949 --> 00:13:45,760
reeked on the planet and on each other

383
00:13:49,389 --> 00:13:46,959
not only are we destroying the

384
00:13:52,470 --> 00:13:49,399
environment but we currently have

385
00:13:54,629 --> 00:13:52,480
150 times more nuclear bombs on the

386
00:13:56,389 --> 00:13:54,639
planet than it would take to effectively

387
00:13:58,069 --> 00:13:56,399
end life as we know it

388
00:13:59,829 --> 00:13:58,079
the idea that the great filter is ahead

389
00:14:01,030 --> 00:13:59,839
of us doesn't really feel like that much

390
00:14:03,670 --> 00:14:01,040
of a stretch

391
00:14:05,590 --> 00:14:03,680
however luckily for us there's still the

392
00:14:08,069 --> 00:14:05,600
second possible explanation for fermi's

393
00:14:10,150 --> 00:14:08,079
paradox which is that there is

394
00:14:11,670 --> 00:14:10,160
intelligent life all over the place but

395
00:14:13,110 --> 00:14:11,680
there's a good explanation for why we

396
00:14:14,790 --> 00:14:13,120
haven't found it yet

397
00:14:16,550 --> 00:14:14,800
while the first explanation depends

398
00:14:17,750 --> 00:14:16,560
heavily on the idea that we're special

399
00:14:19,509 --> 00:14:17,760
in some way

400
00:14:21,910 --> 00:14:19,519
this explanation relies on the

401
00:14:23,670 --> 00:14:21,920
mediocrity principle which basically

402
00:14:25,430 --> 00:14:23,680
assumes that our planet and our solar

403
00:14:27,189 --> 00:14:25,440
system are pretty average and not

404
00:14:29,030 --> 00:14:27,199
different from most other solar systems

405
00:14:31,509 --> 00:14:29,040
in any meaningful way

406
00:14:33,430 --> 00:14:31,519
so if we're not special in any way then

407
00:14:34,629 --> 00:14:33,440
there should be intelligent species in

408
00:14:36,790 --> 00:14:34,639
the galaxy

409
00:14:38,150 --> 00:14:36,800
and so if we can't see them we have to

410
00:14:40,389 --> 00:14:38,160
assume that there's just something

411
00:14:42,629 --> 00:14:40,399
that's preventing us from detecting them

412
00:14:44,150 --> 00:14:42,639
as for what that something could be

413
00:14:46,870 --> 00:14:44,160
the possibilities are pretty

414
00:14:49,110 --> 00:14:46,880
mind-bending and i'm not gonna lie some

415
00:14:49,910 --> 00:14:49,120
of them are actually pretty terrifying

416
00:14:52,629 --> 00:14:49,920
so

417
00:14:53,670 --> 00:14:52,639
possibility number one is that we are

418
00:14:55,430 --> 00:14:53,680
[\h__\h]

419
00:14:57,110 --> 00:14:55,440
it could be that we're just projecting

420
00:14:59,750 --> 00:14:57,120
the idea that a highly advanced

421
00:15:01,829 --> 00:14:59,760
technological society would want to do

422
00:15:03,590 --> 00:15:01,839
things like colonize space and find

423
00:15:05,829 --> 00:15:03,600
increasingly elaborate ways to harness

424
00:15:07,910 --> 00:15:05,839
more energy to meet perpetually rising

425
00:15:09,910 --> 00:15:07,920
demand because those are the kind of

426
00:15:12,470 --> 00:15:09,920
[\h__\h] moves that we would make

427
00:15:15,269 --> 00:15:12,480
and yet those are the very assumptions

428
00:15:18,389 --> 00:15:15,279
upon which the kardashev scale is based

429
00:15:20,629 --> 00:15:18,399
so our idea of what a type 1 type 2 and

430
00:15:22,470 --> 00:15:20,639
type 3 civilization would be could just

431
00:15:24,310 --> 00:15:22,480
be way off base

432
00:15:25,990 --> 00:15:24,320
maybe most higher intelligences are

433
00:15:27,990 --> 00:15:26,000
smart enough to pursue more worthy and

434
00:15:29,509 --> 00:15:28,000
less destructive pursuits

435
00:15:31,350 --> 00:15:29,519
maybe at a certain point they just

436
00:15:33,509 --> 00:15:31,360
upload their consciousness to a nebula

437
00:15:34,790 --> 00:15:33,519
and just vibe it's possible that they're

438
00:15:36,790 --> 00:15:34,800
out there and we just don't know what

439
00:15:38,629 --> 00:15:36,800
we're looking at because we expect them

440
00:15:40,870 --> 00:15:38,639
all to be dicks like us

441
00:15:43,509 --> 00:15:40,880
possibility number two is that there are

442
00:15:45,430 --> 00:15:43,519
way bigger [\h__\h] out there than us

443
00:15:47,590 --> 00:15:45,440
it could be that there are scary

444
00:15:49,509 --> 00:15:47,600
predator civilizations out there and

445
00:15:51,670 --> 00:15:49,519
it's so quiet because most intelligent

446
00:15:53,509 --> 00:15:51,680
civilizations are smart enough to not go

447
00:15:55,430 --> 00:15:53,519
announcing their location

448
00:15:57,670 --> 00:15:55,440
if you think about it we've actually

449
00:15:59,829 --> 00:15:57,680
been pretty cavalier about broadcasting

450
00:16:02,230 --> 00:15:59,839
signals out into space and trying to

451
00:16:05,990 --> 00:16:02,240
contact alien life considering that we

452
00:16:07,670 --> 00:16:06,000
have no idea who is out there and who or

453
00:16:09,030 --> 00:16:07,680
what might respond to our little

454
00:16:10,870 --> 00:16:09,040
messages

455
00:16:12,949 --> 00:16:10,880
some of the greatest scientific minds of

456
00:16:15,189 --> 00:16:12,959
our times including carl sagan and

457
00:16:17,030 --> 00:16:15,199
stephen hawking were both vehemently

458
00:16:19,430 --> 00:16:17,040
opposed to trying to make contact with

459
00:16:21,509 --> 00:16:19,440
extraterrestrial intelligences because

460
00:16:24,230 --> 00:16:21,519
of this exact danger

461
00:16:26,069 --> 00:16:24,240
in the always poetic words of carl sagan

462
00:16:28,389 --> 00:16:26,079
the newest children in a strange and

463
00:16:29,829 --> 00:16:28,399
uncertain cosmos should listen quietly

464
00:16:31,829 --> 00:16:29,839
for a long time

465
00:16:34,069 --> 00:16:31,839
patiently learning about the universe

466
00:16:35,910 --> 00:16:34,079
and comparing notes before shouting into

467
00:16:37,189 --> 00:16:35,920
an unknown jungle that we do not

468
00:16:39,269 --> 00:16:37,199
understand

469
00:16:41,350 --> 00:16:39,279
possibility three is that there's just

470
00:16:44,230 --> 00:16:41,360
one super [\h__\h]

471
00:16:46,710 --> 00:16:44,240
it could be that there's just one super

472
00:16:49,030 --> 00:16:46,720
advanced predator species out there that

473
00:16:50,470 --> 00:16:49,040
keeps tabs on all other technologically

474
00:16:52,230 --> 00:16:50,480
developing species

475
00:16:54,230 --> 00:16:52,240
and basically exterminates them when

476
00:16:56,310 --> 00:16:54,240
they cross a certain threshold

477
00:16:58,870 --> 00:16:56,320
terrifying moving on

478
00:17:00,550 --> 00:16:58,880
another possibility is that aliens have

479
00:17:01,749 --> 00:17:00,560
been here but it was just a long time

480
00:17:04,949 --> 00:17:01,759
ago

481
00:17:06,710 --> 00:17:04,959
earth is 4.5 billion years old but we've

482
00:17:08,470 --> 00:17:06,720
only had the ability to meaningfully

483
00:17:11,029 --> 00:17:08,480
look for signs of other intelligent life

484
00:17:13,189 --> 00:17:11,039
in the galaxy for the last century or so

485
00:17:15,350 --> 00:17:13,199
a tiny blip in the history of both

486
00:17:16,630 --> 00:17:15,360
humanity and of the planet

487
00:17:18,309 --> 00:17:16,640
just because we don't see

488
00:17:20,470 --> 00:17:18,319
extraterrestrials hanging out in our

489
00:17:22,069 --> 00:17:20,480
cosmic neighborhood now doesn't mean

490
00:17:23,829 --> 00:17:22,079
that they've never been here

491
00:17:25,750 --> 00:17:23,839
or that they won't return

492
00:17:27,510 --> 00:17:25,760
the next possibility is just that we

493
00:17:29,830 --> 00:17:27,520
live in the boonies

494
00:17:32,150 --> 00:17:29,840
it could be that the galaxy is colonized

495
00:17:34,549 --> 00:17:32,160
but that we just live in some far-flung

496
00:17:36,390 --> 00:17:34,559
outposts that they rarely visit

497
00:17:38,470 --> 00:17:36,400
basically the earth could just be in a

498
00:17:40,390 --> 00:17:38,480
very unfashionable zip code

499
00:17:42,710 --> 00:17:40,400
in all seriousness though our solar

500
00:17:45,190 --> 00:17:42,720
system actually is way out on the edge

501
00:17:46,789 --> 00:17:45,200
of one of the milky way's spiral arms

502
00:17:48,630 --> 00:17:46,799
maybe we're just too far out to get

503
00:17:50,390 --> 00:17:48,640
visitors very often

504
00:17:52,549 --> 00:17:50,400
the next possibility is that our

505
00:17:53,750 --> 00:17:52,559
technology is just too primitive to

506
00:17:55,190 --> 00:17:53,760
detect them

507
00:17:56,630 --> 00:17:55,200
just like you wouldn't be able to talk

508
00:17:58,870 --> 00:17:56,640
to someone on a cell phone with a

509
00:18:00,950 --> 00:17:58,880
messenger pigeon it could be that the

510
00:18:02,710 --> 00:18:00,960
technology that's out there is just so

511
00:18:04,630 --> 00:18:02,720
advanced and so different that we're

512
00:18:06,310 --> 00:18:04,640
basically looking for the wrong evidence

513
00:18:07,830 --> 00:18:06,320
with the wrong tools

514
00:18:09,590 --> 00:18:07,840
we assume that the signatures of

515
00:18:11,990 --> 00:18:09,600
intelligent communication would look the

516
00:18:13,430 --> 00:18:12,000
way that ours do but we could be very

517
00:18:15,830 --> 00:18:13,440
wrong about that

518
00:18:17,750 --> 00:18:15,840
the next possibility is that we are too

519
00:18:20,070 --> 00:18:17,760
primitive to detect them

520
00:18:21,669 --> 00:18:20,080
in the wise words of renowned physicist

521
00:18:23,750 --> 00:18:21,679
michiao cuckoo

522
00:18:25,669 --> 00:18:23,760
quote if ants and anthill detect a

523
00:18:27,350 --> 00:18:25,679
10-lane superhighway being built near

524
00:18:29,190 --> 00:18:27,360
them would they understand how to

525
00:18:30,549 --> 00:18:29,200
communicate with the workers

526
00:18:33,190 --> 00:18:30,559
would they assume that the workers

527
00:18:35,270 --> 00:18:33,200
communicate only on ant frequencies

528
00:18:37,029 --> 00:18:35,280
in fact the ants are so primitive that

529
00:18:39,830 --> 00:18:37,039
they would not even understand what a 10

530
00:18:41,590 --> 00:18:39,840
lane superhighway was unquote it could

531
00:18:43,909 --> 00:18:41,600
be that we're ants in this scenario and

532
00:18:46,070 --> 00:18:43,919
that extraterrestrial civilizations are

533
00:18:47,909 --> 00:18:46,080
right in front of us potentially even

534
00:18:49,669 --> 00:18:47,919
sharing space with us

535
00:18:51,510 --> 00:18:49,679
and our perspective from our current

536
00:18:53,590 --> 00:18:51,520
stage of evolutionary development is

537
00:18:55,029 --> 00:18:53,600
such that we don't even comprehend what

538
00:18:56,549 --> 00:18:55,039
we're seeing

539
00:18:58,789 --> 00:18:56,559
the next possibility is that the

540
00:19:00,390 --> 00:18:58,799
government is hiding the evidence

541
00:19:01,990 --> 00:19:00,400
we're going to talk about this one a lot

542
00:19:04,390 --> 00:19:02,000
more later so we don't need to spend

543
00:19:06,710 --> 00:19:04,400
much time on it but it is a possibility

544
00:19:08,070 --> 00:19:06,720
the next possibility is that the earth

545
00:19:09,990 --> 00:19:08,080
is a zoo

546
00:19:11,909 --> 00:19:10,000
it could be that we are being observed

547
00:19:13,990 --> 00:19:11,919
by another species as part of some sort

548
00:19:15,750 --> 00:19:14,000
of experiment or it could be that the

549
00:19:17,909 --> 00:19:15,760
solar system is being treated like some

550
00:19:19,750 --> 00:19:17,919
sort of protected national park

551
00:19:22,230 --> 00:19:19,760
either way there might be a look but

552
00:19:24,630 --> 00:19:22,240
don't communicate or interfere policy

553
00:19:27,029 --> 00:19:24,640
with regards to our planet sort of like

554
00:19:28,630 --> 00:19:27,039
the prime directive from star trek

555
00:19:29,990 --> 00:19:28,640
and if you feel like we're starting to

556
00:19:32,230 --> 00:19:30,000
get into crazy town with these

557
00:19:34,710 --> 00:19:32,240
possibilities you should know that some

558
00:19:36,630 --> 00:19:34,720
of the most respected names in ufology

559
00:19:39,830 --> 00:19:36,640
and the disclosure movement including lu

560
00:19:41,669 --> 00:19:39,840
elizondo do not scoff at this idea and

561
00:19:43,190 --> 00:19:41,679
throw it around regularly as a genuine

562
00:19:44,710 --> 00:19:43,200
possibility

563
00:19:46,789 --> 00:19:44,720
i told you in episode one that i was

564
00:19:48,549 --> 00:19:46,799
going to make you 75 weirder at dinner

565
00:19:50,390 --> 00:19:48,559
parties and i meant it

566
00:19:52,390 --> 00:19:50,400
we're just getting started

567
00:19:54,390 --> 00:19:52,400
the next possibility is that we are

568
00:19:55,909 --> 00:19:54,400
fundamentally wrong about the nature of

569
00:19:57,830 --> 00:19:55,919
our reality

570
00:19:59,750 --> 00:19:57,840
in recent years scientists have

571
00:20:02,149 --> 00:19:59,760
increasingly discussed the possibility

572
00:20:03,190 --> 00:20:02,159
that we could be living in a simulation

573
00:20:05,270 --> 00:20:03,200
for real

574
00:20:06,789 --> 00:20:05,280
so hypothetically it could be that there

575
00:20:08,549 --> 00:20:06,799
just weren't any other advanced

576
00:20:09,909 --> 00:20:08,559
intelligences programmed into the

577
00:20:11,990 --> 00:20:09,919
simulation

578
00:20:14,549 --> 00:20:12,000
in fact regardless of whether or not it

579
00:20:16,470 --> 00:20:14,559
helps us explain the fermi paradox the

580
00:20:17,590 --> 00:20:16,480
simulation hypothesis still might end up

581
00:20:19,029 --> 00:20:17,600
being true

582
00:20:21,029 --> 00:20:19,039
the more we learn about quantum

583
00:20:23,830 --> 00:20:21,039
mechanics the more evidence we find that

584
00:20:25,590 --> 00:20:23,840
could point to that startling conclusion

585
00:20:27,510 --> 00:20:25,600
a lot of those findings are too complex

586
00:20:29,510 --> 00:20:27,520
to get into now but i'll give you this

587
00:20:31,110 --> 00:20:29,520
little thought experiment

588
00:20:33,110 --> 00:20:31,120
if you think about the evolution of

589
00:20:35,110 --> 00:20:33,120
computer and video games from the early

590
00:20:36,710 --> 00:20:35,120
8-bit systems to the current emergence

591
00:20:38,549 --> 00:20:36,720
of virtual reality

592
00:20:40,549 --> 00:20:38,559
it's clear that our ability to create

593
00:20:43,430 --> 00:20:40,559
more and more realistic virtual

594
00:20:45,909 --> 00:20:43,440
environments is increasing exponentially

595
00:20:48,149 --> 00:20:45,919
even with vr headsets now it may not

596
00:20:50,070 --> 00:20:48,159
look real exactly but your body still

597
00:20:52,149 --> 00:20:50,080
responds to it like it is

598
00:20:55,430 --> 00:20:52,159
and with this exponential improvement of

599
00:20:57,190 --> 00:20:55,440
vr technologies it's not hard to imagine

600
00:20:59,830 --> 00:20:57,200
that at some point we're going to be

601
00:21:02,549 --> 00:20:59,840
able to create simulated experiences and

602
00:21:05,350 --> 00:21:02,559
environments that are indistinguishable

603
00:21:07,110 --> 00:21:05,360
from reality from there the logic is

604
00:21:09,190 --> 00:21:07,120
that if you could create this sort of

605
00:21:11,669 --> 00:21:09,200
simulation you would

606
00:21:13,590 --> 00:21:11,679
and hypothetically someone could create

607
00:21:15,510 --> 00:21:13,600
a simulated universe and in that

608
00:21:17,669 --> 00:21:15,520
simulated universe a species could

609
00:21:20,870 --> 00:21:17,679
advance to the point that it creates its

610
00:21:23,190 --> 00:21:20,880
own simulation within the simulation and

611
00:21:25,270 --> 00:21:23,200
so on hypothetically there could be a

612
00:21:27,990 --> 00:21:25,280
near infinite number of simulated

613
00:21:30,390 --> 00:21:28,000
universes within the real universe

614
00:21:32,310 --> 00:21:30,400
so if that's the case then what are the

615
00:21:34,630 --> 00:21:32,320
chances that we're actually in base

616
00:21:35,990 --> 00:21:34,640
reality and that's actually one of the

617
00:21:38,390 --> 00:21:36,000
least convincing arguments for the

618
00:21:40,710 --> 00:21:38,400
simulation hypothesis we'll definitely

619
00:21:42,630 --> 00:21:40,720
get into others in another episode but

620
00:21:44,549 --> 00:21:42,640
for now we're still on the alien

621
00:21:46,470 --> 00:21:44,559
question and through the lens of the

622
00:21:49,270 --> 00:21:46,480
fermi paradox and its many many

623
00:21:52,070 --> 00:21:49,280
explanations we can start to see how

624
00:22:05,540 --> 00:21:52,080
complex this question is and how many

625
00:22:05,550 --> 00:22:45,190
[Music]

626
00:22:49,350 --> 00:22:46,870
i don't know what your experience was

627
00:22:51,110 --> 00:22:49,360
but as a kid born in the 80s when i was

628
00:22:52,630 --> 00:22:51,120
growing up the idea that we were alone

629
00:22:55,110 --> 00:22:52,640
in the universe seemed like it was

630
00:22:56,710 --> 00:22:55,120
treated as the default and the most

631
00:22:59,110 --> 00:22:56,720
likely option

632
00:23:01,270 --> 00:22:59,120
and i'm talking like completely alone as

633
00:23:03,990 --> 00:23:01,280
in the conditions for even the most

634
00:23:05,990 --> 00:23:04,000
simplistic and rudimentary forms of life

635
00:23:07,909 --> 00:23:06,000
are so rare and mysterious that the

636
00:23:09,430 --> 00:23:07,919
earth was likely the only place that it

637
00:23:11,029 --> 00:23:09,440
ever happened

638
00:23:13,510 --> 00:23:11,039
but as i've gotten older and

639
00:23:15,830 --> 00:23:13,520
particularly in the last 10 years it

640
00:23:17,590 --> 00:23:15,840
feels like a shift has occurred where

641
00:23:19,909 --> 00:23:17,600
more and more people believe that the

642
00:23:21,669 --> 00:23:19,919
universe is likely teeming with life and

643
00:23:22,710 --> 00:23:21,679
that it's only a matter of time until we

644
00:23:24,390 --> 00:23:22,720
find it

645
00:23:27,190 --> 00:23:24,400
and we're even taking a long hard look

646
00:23:29,270 --> 00:23:27,200
at places within our own solar system

647
00:23:31,110 --> 00:23:29,280
i did some digging and it turns out that

648
00:23:33,350 --> 00:23:31,120
there have actually been some pretty

649
00:23:34,710 --> 00:23:33,360
dramatic swings throughout history when

650
00:23:37,029 --> 00:23:34,720
it comes to our belief about the

651
00:23:39,750 --> 00:23:37,039
existence of life on other planets

652
00:23:41,190 --> 00:23:39,760
however by and large the dominant belief

653
00:23:43,029 --> 00:23:41,200
throughout most of recorded human

654
00:23:45,190 --> 00:23:43,039
history has been that the existence of

655
00:23:48,230 --> 00:23:45,200
life elsewhere in the universe wasn't

656
00:23:50,149 --> 00:23:48,240
just a possibility but a probability

657
00:23:52,310 --> 00:23:50,159
our more cynical outlook on the prospect

658
00:23:53,830 --> 00:23:52,320
in recent decades is more the exception

659
00:23:55,350 --> 00:23:53,840
than the rule

660
00:23:57,430 --> 00:23:55,360
these days our outlook on the

661
00:23:59,190 --> 00:23:57,440
possibility of finding extraterrestrial

662
00:24:01,110 --> 00:23:59,200
life is much sunnier

663
00:24:03,029 --> 00:24:01,120
two-thirds of americans say that their

664
00:24:05,510 --> 00:24:03,039
best guess is that intelligent life

665
00:24:07,510 --> 00:24:05,520
exists on other planets

666
00:24:10,070 --> 00:24:07,520
to find evidence of the possibility of

667
00:24:11,669 --> 00:24:10,080
life existing elsewhere in the cosmos we

668
00:24:13,110 --> 00:24:11,679
don't need to look any further than our

669
00:24:14,710 --> 00:24:13,120
own planet

670
00:24:15,909 --> 00:24:14,720
like we were discussing with the fermi

671
00:24:17,909 --> 00:24:15,919
paradox

672
00:24:20,549 --> 00:24:17,919
until we find evidence of life somewhere

673
00:24:22,870 --> 00:24:20,559
else it's hard to know how common it is

674
00:24:24,630 --> 00:24:22,880
for life to develop on a planet

675
00:24:26,070 --> 00:24:24,640
especially considering that we don't

676
00:24:28,470 --> 00:24:26,080
actually know what causes life to

677
00:24:30,470 --> 00:24:28,480
develop in the first place

678
00:24:33,110 --> 00:24:30,480
we do know that our planet appears to be

679
00:24:35,430 --> 00:24:33,120
uniquely calibrated to support life so

680
00:24:37,350 --> 00:24:35,440
we can probably assume that if there are

681
00:24:39,430 --> 00:24:37,360
certain conditions that are particularly

682
00:24:41,669 --> 00:24:39,440
favorable to the spontaneous creation of

683
00:24:44,230 --> 00:24:41,679
life they probably existed on earth

684
00:24:46,310 --> 00:24:44,240
about 3.7 billion years ago

685
00:24:48,710 --> 00:24:46,320
and how many other earth-like planets

686
00:24:50,950 --> 00:24:48,720
might there actually be out there

687
00:24:53,750 --> 00:24:50,960
as we continue to identify more and more

688
00:24:55,590 --> 00:24:53,760
exoplanets outside of our solar system

689
00:24:57,830 --> 00:24:55,600
we're getting more and more data to help

690
00:24:59,669 --> 00:24:57,840
us answer that question although there

691
00:25:02,230 --> 00:24:59,679
is considerable debate about what

692
00:25:04,390 --> 00:25:02,240
exactly constitutes an earth-like planet

693
00:25:06,549 --> 00:25:04,400
and how likely a planet that is like

694
00:25:08,390 --> 00:25:06,559
ours would be to develop life

695
00:25:11,029 --> 00:25:08,400
evidence suggests that there may be as

696
00:25:13,350 --> 00:25:11,039
many as one earth-like planet for every

697
00:25:14,390 --> 00:25:13,360
five sun-like stars in the milky way

698
00:25:16,630 --> 00:25:14,400
alone

699
00:25:17,750 --> 00:25:16,640
that gives us a lot of chances for life

700
00:25:19,750 --> 00:25:17,760
to develop

701
00:25:22,470 --> 00:25:19,760
but what about places that are nothing

702
00:25:24,070 --> 00:25:22,480
like earth could life possibly arise in

703
00:25:26,070 --> 00:25:24,080
environments that aren't as friendly to

704
00:25:26,830 --> 00:25:26,080
life as we know it the more we learn

705
00:25:28,789 --> 00:25:26,840
about

706
00:25:30,710 --> 00:25:28,799
extremophiles the more we think that the

707
00:25:32,870 --> 00:25:30,720
answer could be yes

708
00:25:34,310 --> 00:25:32,880
extremophiles are organisms that live in

709
00:25:36,870 --> 00:25:34,320
conditions that we would normally

710
00:25:39,990 --> 00:25:36,880
consider to be hostile to life including

711
00:25:42,390 --> 00:25:40,000
extreme temperature acidity alkalinity

712
00:25:44,549 --> 00:25:42,400
or chemical concentration

713
00:25:46,230 --> 00:25:44,559
these organisms challenge everything

714
00:25:48,149 --> 00:25:46,240
that we thought we knew about what it

715
00:25:50,630 --> 00:25:48,159
takes to support life

716
00:25:52,230 --> 00:25:50,640
for example there's a bacterium called

717
00:25:54,549 --> 00:25:52,240
d-radiodurans

718
00:25:56,789 --> 00:25:54,559
that not only thrives in the cores of

719
00:25:58,789 --> 00:25:56,799
nuclear reactors but it can survive

720
00:26:01,669 --> 00:25:58,799
exposure to everything from toxic

721
00:26:03,990 --> 00:26:01,679
chemicals and corrosive acids to extreme

722
00:26:06,149 --> 00:26:04,000
heat above the boiling point of water

723
00:26:07,830 --> 00:26:06,159
sub-zero temperatures and even the

724
00:26:10,310 --> 00:26:07,840
vacuum of space

725
00:26:11,990 --> 00:26:10,320
there are also three species of fungi

726
00:26:14,630 --> 00:26:12,000
that were discovered inside the

727
00:26:16,789 --> 00:26:14,640
abandoned chernobyl nuclear power plant

728
00:26:18,710 --> 00:26:16,799
scientists studied these fungi and found

729
00:26:20,470 --> 00:26:18,720
out that they grow faster in the

730
00:26:23,029 --> 00:26:20,480
presence of radiation and even

731
00:26:25,110 --> 00:26:23,039
effectively eat the radiation

732
00:26:27,590 --> 00:26:25,120
using the pigment melanin that captures

733
00:26:30,149 --> 00:26:27,600
the radiant energy similar to the way it

734
00:26:32,149 --> 00:26:30,159
absorbs uv radiation in human skin to

735
00:26:34,390 --> 00:26:32,159
help avoid sunburns

736
00:26:36,390 --> 00:26:34,400
these extremophiles force us to rethink

737
00:26:39,110 --> 00:26:36,400
what it even means for something to be

738
00:26:41,029 --> 00:26:39,120
alive and to reconsider all of the

739
00:26:43,510 --> 00:26:41,039
vastly different ways that life might

740
00:26:45,669 --> 00:26:43,520
adapt itself to various environments

741
00:26:48,070 --> 00:26:45,679
it even begs the question of whether or

742
00:26:50,549 --> 00:26:48,080
not the earth really is uniquely suited

743
00:26:51,830 --> 00:26:50,559
to support life or if we just view it

744
00:26:53,510 --> 00:26:51,840
that way because it's the only

745
00:26:55,110 --> 00:26:53,520
environment we know of that supports

746
00:26:56,950 --> 00:26:55,120
life as we know it

747
00:26:59,190 --> 00:26:56,960
there's even evidence that some

748
00:27:01,590 --> 00:26:59,200
extremophiles on earth could survive in

749
00:27:03,430 --> 00:27:01,600
the conditions on mars so it's not

750
00:27:05,190 --> 00:27:03,440
difficult to imagine that there might be

751
00:27:07,350 --> 00:27:05,200
a wide variety of environments that

752
00:27:09,350 --> 00:27:07,360
could potentially give rise to at least

753
00:27:11,590 --> 00:27:09,360
simple life forms

754
00:27:13,990 --> 00:27:11,600
and speaking of mars the idea that there

755
00:27:16,549 --> 00:27:14,000
could be life on mars could actually be

756
00:27:19,110 --> 00:27:16,559
more than hypothetical in fact former

757
00:27:21,669 --> 00:27:19,120
nasa scientist gilbert v levin

758
00:27:24,789 --> 00:27:21,679
claims that evidence of life on mars was

759
00:27:26,710 --> 00:27:24,799
found back in the 1970s when the viking

760
00:27:28,630 --> 00:27:26,720
landers were sent to explore the martian

761
00:27:30,630 --> 00:27:28,640
surface levin was the principal

762
00:27:33,750 --> 00:27:30,640
investigator on an experiment that he

763
00:27:35,269 --> 00:27:33,760
claims detected microbial respiration in

764
00:27:37,750 --> 00:27:35,279
the martian soil

765
00:27:40,310 --> 00:27:37,760
he claims his team actually recorded

766
00:27:43,029 --> 00:27:40,320
four separate positive results supported

767
00:27:45,190 --> 00:27:43,039
by five varied controls coming from each

768
00:27:48,549 --> 00:27:45,200
of the twin viking spacecraft which

769
00:27:51,430 --> 00:27:48,559
landed around 4 000 miles apart for

770
00:27:53,909 --> 00:27:51,440
levin finding what was a clear byproduct

771
00:27:56,070 --> 00:27:53,919
of life was incontrovertible proof that

772
00:27:58,149 --> 00:27:56,080
there must be some sort of microbial

773
00:28:01,029 --> 00:27:58,159
life in the soil of mars

774
00:28:03,909 --> 00:28:01,039
however because actual organic matter

775
00:28:05,830 --> 00:28:03,919
wasn't found nasa dismissed the positive

776
00:28:07,990 --> 00:28:05,840
results as being evidence of some sort

777
00:28:10,070 --> 00:28:08,000
of inorganic matter that was mimicking

778
00:28:11,830 --> 00:28:10,080
life but was not life

779
00:28:13,430 --> 00:28:11,840
no other explanation was offered for

780
00:28:16,070 --> 00:28:13,440
what that might be

781
00:28:17,830 --> 00:28:16,080
in other words don't worry about it

782
00:28:19,909 --> 00:28:17,840
still it does make sense why nasa would

783
00:28:21,350 --> 00:28:19,919
hold off until finding actual life

784
00:28:22,470 --> 00:28:21,360
itself before making such an

785
00:28:24,630 --> 00:28:22,480
announcement

786
00:28:27,029 --> 00:28:24,640
the profound implications for finding

787
00:28:28,630 --> 00:28:27,039
even microbial life on other planets is

788
00:28:30,389 --> 00:28:28,640
hard to overstate

789
00:28:32,149 --> 00:28:30,399
for one it would eliminate most of the

790
00:28:34,549 --> 00:28:32,159
answers to the fermi paradox that are

791
00:28:36,470 --> 00:28:34,559
based on the idea that we're special if

792
00:28:38,389 --> 00:28:36,480
our nearest neighbor who we previously

793
00:28:41,350 --> 00:28:38,399
thought was potentially too hostile for

794
00:28:43,350 --> 00:28:41,360
life proves to have microbial life it

795
00:28:45,190 --> 00:28:43,360
would mean that we weren't that special

796
00:28:46,149 --> 00:28:45,200
and the universe is likely teeming with

797
00:28:48,470 --> 00:28:46,159
life

798
00:28:50,310 --> 00:28:48,480
so for now we continue to look for signs

799
00:28:51,830 --> 00:28:50,320
of life in our solar system

800
00:28:54,149 --> 00:28:51,840
and it turns out that we actually have

801
00:28:56,950 --> 00:28:54,159
some pretty strong candidates europa is

802
00:28:58,950 --> 00:28:56,960
the smallest of jupiter's galilean moons

803
00:29:01,590 --> 00:28:58,960
named for galileo who first discovered

804
00:29:03,830 --> 00:29:01,600
them in the early 1600s and is slightly

805
00:29:05,750 --> 00:29:03,840
smaller than our own moon ice-covered

806
00:29:07,350 --> 00:29:05,760
europa might not seem like a great

807
00:29:08,310 --> 00:29:07,360
candidate for finding life at first

808
00:29:10,389 --> 00:29:08,320
glance

809
00:29:12,710 --> 00:29:10,399
but due to an elliptical orbit around

810
00:29:15,269 --> 00:29:12,720
jupiter that causes geothermal activity

811
00:29:17,830 --> 00:29:15,279
within the moon itself there's believed

812
00:29:19,830 --> 00:29:17,840
to be an ocean of liquid water beneath

813
00:29:22,789 --> 00:29:19,840
the surface of europa

814
00:29:24,789 --> 00:29:22,799
this along with a thin oxygen atmosphere

815
00:29:27,669 --> 00:29:24,799
gives scientists hope of one day finding

816
00:29:30,149 --> 00:29:27,679
signs of life in europa's icy depths

817
00:29:31,669 --> 00:29:30,159
although titan is a moon of saturn it

818
00:29:33,110 --> 00:29:31,679
actually has more in common with the

819
00:29:34,549 --> 00:29:33,120
earth than it does with other moons in

820
00:29:36,470 --> 00:29:34,559
our solar system

821
00:29:38,149 --> 00:29:36,480
and as far as we know it's the only

822
00:29:40,230 --> 00:29:38,159
other place in our solar system where

823
00:29:41,669 --> 00:29:40,240
stable bodies of liquid can be found on

824
00:29:43,510 --> 00:29:41,679
the surface

825
00:29:45,190 --> 00:29:43,520
titan also has many other features that

826
00:29:47,750 --> 00:29:45,200
would be familiar to us

827
00:29:50,070 --> 00:29:47,760
including a seasonal climate

828
00:29:53,110 --> 00:29:50,080
weather and familiar surface features

829
00:29:55,029 --> 00:29:53,120
like rivers dunes and deltas

830
00:29:55,909 --> 00:29:55,039
however that's where the similarities

831
00:29:58,230 --> 00:29:55,919
end

832
00:30:01,190 --> 00:29:58,240
unlike earth titan's atmosphere is made

833
00:30:03,510 --> 00:30:01,200
of nitrogen not oxygen and instead of

834
00:30:05,990 --> 00:30:03,520
oceans and rivers of water titan's

835
00:30:07,350 --> 00:30:06,000
liquid bodies are made of liquid methane

836
00:30:09,510 --> 00:30:07,360
and ethane

837
00:30:12,710 --> 00:30:09,520
that combined with recorded temperatures

838
00:30:14,549 --> 00:30:12,720
of negative 290 degrees fahrenheit and

839
00:30:16,230 --> 00:30:14,559
we have to assume that if life does

840
00:30:18,070 --> 00:30:16,240
exist on titan that it looks very

841
00:30:20,870 --> 00:30:18,080
different from life as we know it

842
00:30:23,190 --> 00:30:20,880
another moon of saturn enceladus may

843
00:30:26,310 --> 00:30:23,200
also be harboring alien life

844
00:30:28,710 --> 00:30:26,320
like europa enceladus has an icy crust

845
00:30:29,909 --> 00:30:28,720
covering subsurface oceans of liquid

846
00:30:32,470 --> 00:30:29,919
salt water

847
00:30:34,149 --> 00:30:32,480
tectonic activity inside the moon causes

848
00:30:37,110 --> 00:30:34,159
cracks and rifts in the surface of the

849
00:30:39,269 --> 00:30:37,120
ice causing huge geysers that spray out

850
00:30:41,269 --> 00:30:39,279
of the moon the trail of which helps to

851
00:30:43,430 --> 00:30:41,279
form one of saturn's rings

852
00:30:45,750 --> 00:30:43,440
and in those geysers scientists have

853
00:30:47,350 --> 00:30:45,760
been able to detect evidence of organic

854
00:30:49,669 --> 00:30:47,360
compounds that make up some of the

855
00:30:51,029 --> 00:30:49,679
building blocks of life here on earth

856
00:30:53,190 --> 00:30:51,039
so while we still don't have a

857
00:30:54,789 --> 00:30:53,200
definitive answer about the existence of

858
00:30:56,549 --> 00:30:54,799
life on other planets

859
00:30:58,310 --> 00:30:56,559
based on the existing evidence it

860
00:31:00,950 --> 00:30:58,320
appears that our chances of finding life

861
00:31:02,470 --> 00:31:00,960
elsewhere in the cosmos is pretty good

862
00:31:04,070 --> 00:31:02,480
now whether any of that life could

863
00:31:06,149 --> 00:31:04,080
potentially be intelligent life is

864
00:31:07,750 --> 00:31:06,159
another question entirely

865
00:31:09,590 --> 00:31:07,760
but let's assume for a minute that there

866
00:31:11,750 --> 00:31:09,600
was intelligent life on a planet in

867
00:31:13,750 --> 00:31:11,760
another solar system would it even be

868
00:31:15,350 --> 00:31:13,760
possible for them to get here

869
00:31:17,029 --> 00:31:15,360
there are many who believe that while

870
00:31:18,549 --> 00:31:17,039
there could very well be intelligent

871
00:31:20,950 --> 00:31:18,559
life on other planets

872
00:31:23,190 --> 00:31:20,960
the vast distances between solar systems

873
00:31:25,669 --> 00:31:23,200
would make it impossible for any species

874
00:31:27,669 --> 00:31:25,679
to visit even their nearest neighbors

875
00:31:29,190 --> 00:31:27,679
and this isn't an insignificant problem

876
00:31:31,110 --> 00:31:29,200
to overcome

877
00:31:33,269 --> 00:31:31,120
let's take our closest star alpha

878
00:31:35,029 --> 00:31:33,279
centauri and imagine that there is an

879
00:31:37,430 --> 00:31:35,039
earth-like planet around it that we'd

880
00:31:40,070 --> 00:31:37,440
like to visit it takes light from alpha

881
00:31:41,110 --> 00:31:40,080
centauri about 4.3 years to reach the

882
00:31:43,029 --> 00:31:41,120
earth

883
00:31:45,269 --> 00:31:43,039
obviously we need to travel much slower

884
00:31:47,669 --> 00:31:45,279
than the speed of light so how might we

885
00:31:49,830 --> 00:31:47,679
get there and how long would it take

886
00:31:51,430 --> 00:31:49,840
well to start with rocket fuel which

887
00:31:53,590 --> 00:31:51,440
we've traditionally used for space

888
00:31:55,830 --> 00:31:53,600
travel is completely out

889
00:31:57,590 --> 00:31:55,840
the fastest manned vehicle ever was the

890
00:32:00,389 --> 00:31:57,600
apollo 10 rocket that reached a

891
00:32:01,269 --> 00:32:00,399
blistering speed of 25 000 miles per

892
00:32:04,470 --> 00:32:01,279
hour

893
00:32:07,350 --> 00:32:04,480
however at that speed it would take 120

894
00:32:09,669 --> 00:32:07,360
000 years to reach alpha centauri

895
00:32:12,310 --> 00:32:09,679
obviously that's not ideal to get to

896
00:32:14,310 --> 00:32:12,320
alpha centauri in one human lifetime

897
00:32:15,909 --> 00:32:14,320
we'd need to be able to travel at one

898
00:32:18,310 --> 00:32:15,919
tenth the speed of light

899
00:32:20,549 --> 00:32:18,320
but to travel that fast with rocket fuel

900
00:32:22,310 --> 00:32:20,559
we'd need a fuel tank that is the size

901
00:32:24,470 --> 00:32:22,320
of the known universe

902
00:32:26,789 --> 00:32:24,480
that's definitely not going to work what

903
00:32:29,029 --> 00:32:26,799
we need is a much more efficient fuel

904
00:32:31,350 --> 00:32:29,039
than rocket fuel so what else could we

905
00:32:33,430 --> 00:32:31,360
use to achieve interstellar travel

906
00:32:37,029 --> 00:32:33,440
well one possibility is that we could

907
00:32:38,789 --> 00:32:37,039
use fusion or put more directly and i

908
00:32:40,070 --> 00:32:38,799
swear i learned this from an actual

909
00:32:41,990 --> 00:32:40,080
scientist

910
00:32:44,310 --> 00:32:42,000
we could basically blow up a bunch of

911
00:32:46,789 --> 00:32:44,320
nuclear bombs behind us and ride that

912
00:32:50,310 --> 00:32:46,799
wave into another solar system

913
00:32:52,789 --> 00:32:50,320
specifically we'd need about 300 000 one

914
00:32:55,190 --> 00:32:52,799
megaton hydrogen bombs that we'd set off

915
00:32:57,269 --> 00:32:55,200
behind us one at a time at regular

916
00:32:59,350 --> 00:32:57,279
intervals for a month straight

917
00:33:01,590 --> 00:32:59,360
that would be enough to get us to 1 10

918
00:33:03,909 --> 00:33:01,600
the speed of light into alpha centauri

919
00:33:06,470 --> 00:33:03,919
in about 44 years

920
00:33:08,710 --> 00:33:06,480
however it's not just enough to arrive

921
00:33:10,870 --> 00:33:08,720
at alpha centauri we actually need to be

922
00:33:13,350 --> 00:33:10,880
able to stop when we get there and

923
00:33:15,990 --> 00:33:13,360
stopping in space is not easy

924
00:33:18,470 --> 00:33:16,000
in order to stop using this method we'd

925
00:33:19,990 --> 00:33:18,480
need just as much energy to slow down as

926
00:33:22,230 --> 00:33:20,000
we would need to get up to our cruising

927
00:33:23,590 --> 00:33:22,240
speed which means that we need to double

928
00:33:24,789 --> 00:33:23,600
the amount of time that it would take to

929
00:33:26,630 --> 00:33:24,799
get there

930
00:33:28,549 --> 00:33:26,640
so in this scenario it will actually

931
00:33:31,269 --> 00:33:28,559
take us about 90 years to get to alpha

932
00:33:33,430 --> 00:33:31,279
centauri so we'd probably need to take

933
00:33:34,870 --> 00:33:33,440
three human generations on that trip to

934
00:33:37,269 --> 00:33:34,880
ensure that they had enough people to

935
00:33:38,230 --> 00:33:37,279
man the ship for their entire journey so

936
00:33:40,789 --> 00:33:38,240
that's starting to get pretty

937
00:33:42,389 --> 00:33:40,799
complicated so are there ways that we

938
00:33:44,470 --> 00:33:42,399
could go faster

939
00:33:46,230 --> 00:33:44,480
after all although nuclear fusion is

940
00:33:48,710 --> 00:33:46,240
significantly more efficient as a source

941
00:33:50,630 --> 00:33:48,720
of energy than rocket fuel it's actually

942
00:33:53,029 --> 00:33:50,640
still not very efficient at all

943
00:33:55,750 --> 00:33:53,039
fusion only turns about one percent of

944
00:33:57,269 --> 00:33:55,760
its rest mass into energy if we wanted

945
00:33:59,269 --> 00:33:57,279
something that could turn close to a

946
00:34:00,230 --> 00:33:59,279
hundred percent of its rest mass into

947
00:34:02,389 --> 00:34:00,240
energy

948
00:34:04,070 --> 00:34:02,399
we could use a theoretical device called

949
00:34:06,070 --> 00:34:04,080
an anti-matter drive

950
00:34:08,230 --> 00:34:06,080
now i'm not even going to attempt to

951
00:34:09,829 --> 00:34:08,240
explain what anti-matter is the top

952
00:34:11,349 --> 00:34:09,839
minds in science are still working on

953
00:34:13,510 --> 00:34:11,359
figuring that one out

954
00:34:16,149 --> 00:34:13,520
just know that antimatter is like the

955
00:34:18,310 --> 00:34:16,159
weird wario version of matter

956
00:34:20,310 --> 00:34:18,320
it's matter's exact opposite

957
00:34:21,990 --> 00:34:20,320
so if you have one electron of matter

958
00:34:23,909 --> 00:34:22,000
you could also have another particle

959
00:34:26,069 --> 00:34:23,919
that is identical to this electron

960
00:34:28,550 --> 00:34:26,079
except with an opposite charge called a

961
00:34:31,030 --> 00:34:28,560
positron and if an electron and a

962
00:34:32,629 --> 00:34:31,040
positron collide they completely

963
00:34:34,629 --> 00:34:32,639
annihilate each other releasing a

964
00:34:36,710 --> 00:34:34,639
hundred percent of their energy

965
00:34:38,149 --> 00:34:36,720
so perhaps anti-matter drives could one

966
00:34:40,710 --> 00:34:38,159
day be the answer to unlocking

967
00:34:43,190 --> 00:34:40,720
interstellar travel for humanity

968
00:34:45,750 --> 00:34:43,200
but for now it costs a hundred billion

969
00:34:48,310 --> 00:34:45,760
dollars to make even one milligram of

970
00:34:50,310 --> 00:34:48,320
antimatter making it far too expensive

971
00:34:52,230 --> 00:34:50,320
to be a possibility until we find a way

972
00:34:53,909 --> 00:34:52,240
to create it at scale

973
00:34:55,510 --> 00:34:53,919
there's another hypothetical device that

974
00:34:57,829 --> 00:34:55,520
we could potentially use to travel the

975
00:34:59,829 --> 00:34:57,839
cosmos called a light sail

976
00:35:01,670 --> 00:34:59,839
a light sail would essentially allow us

977
00:35:04,069 --> 00:35:01,680
to harness light in much the same way

978
00:35:05,670 --> 00:35:04,079
that a sail harnesses wind which would

979
00:35:07,430 --> 00:35:05,680
have the added benefit of meaning that

980
00:35:09,349 --> 00:35:07,440
we wouldn't have to weigh ourselves down

981
00:35:11,030 --> 00:35:09,359
carrying a bunch of fuel

982
00:35:13,030 --> 00:35:11,040
so how does it work

983
00:35:15,270 --> 00:35:13,040
let's say that you have a kilometer wide

984
00:35:18,390 --> 00:35:15,280
sail that's coated in a reflective and

985
00:35:20,470 --> 00:35:18,400
heat-resistant substance like sapphire

986
00:35:22,470 --> 00:35:20,480
if you blasted it with a giant laser

987
00:35:24,870 --> 00:35:22,480
with the power equivalent of a hundred

988
00:35:26,790 --> 00:35:24,880
nuclear power plants the sail would

989
00:35:28,790 --> 00:35:26,800
catch that light like wind and could

990
00:35:31,190 --> 00:35:28,800
conceivably get us up to one tenth the

991
00:35:33,109 --> 00:35:31,200
speed of light hypothetically we'd only

992
00:35:34,870 --> 00:35:33,119
be limited by the size of our sail and

993
00:35:35,910 --> 00:35:34,880
the power of our laser

994
00:35:37,750 --> 00:35:35,920
however

995
00:35:39,829 --> 00:35:37,760
the scale of such a project would be

996
00:35:42,069 --> 00:35:39,839
truly mind-boggling considering that the

997
00:35:43,670 --> 00:35:42,079
laser would be so big that we'd likely

998
00:35:45,190 --> 00:35:43,680
have to build it on the moon or we

999
00:35:46,310 --> 00:35:45,200
wouldn't be able to get it up into space

1000
00:35:47,910 --> 00:35:46,320
at all

1001
00:35:50,310 --> 00:35:47,920
and it would have to be powered by

1002
00:35:52,069 --> 00:35:50,320
massive reactors which adds plenty of

1003
00:35:54,150 --> 00:35:52,079
complication on its own

1004
00:35:56,230 --> 00:35:54,160
another hypothetical device we could use

1005
00:35:58,310 --> 00:35:56,240
would be a black hole drive which would

1006
00:36:00,630 --> 00:35:58,320
literally involve creating a tiny black

1007
00:36:02,470 --> 00:36:00,640
hole and harnessing its power

1008
00:36:04,870 --> 00:36:02,480
in this case the black hole would be

1009
00:36:06,950 --> 00:36:04,880
created with light and not mass

1010
00:36:09,589 --> 00:36:06,960
if you had a sufficient density of light

1011
00:36:11,430 --> 00:36:09,599
concentrated into a small enough area

1012
00:36:15,030 --> 00:36:11,440
we're talking about the equivalent of

1013
00:36:17,030 --> 00:36:15,040
600 billion kilograms or two empire

1014
00:36:18,710 --> 00:36:17,040
state buildings down to the size of a

1015
00:36:20,710 --> 00:36:18,720
single proton

1016
00:36:22,550 --> 00:36:20,720
it could bend the fabric of space-time

1017
00:36:24,470 --> 00:36:22,560
enough to create a singularity and

1018
00:36:26,390 --> 00:36:24,480
therefore a black hole

1019
00:36:28,790 --> 00:36:26,400
this black hole would radiate hawking

1020
00:36:30,310 --> 00:36:28,800
radiation and the smaller the black hole

1021
00:36:32,710 --> 00:36:30,320
the more it would radiate and

1022
00:36:35,109 --> 00:36:32,720
hypothetically we could use that energy

1023
00:36:36,870 --> 00:36:35,119
to travel the milky way one of the top

1024
00:36:38,550 --> 00:36:36,880
candidates for interstellar travel

1025
00:36:40,710 --> 00:36:38,560
doesn't even concern itself with next

1026
00:36:41,750 --> 00:36:40,720
level propulsion systems or efficient

1027
00:36:44,069 --> 00:36:41,760
fuel

1028
00:36:45,430 --> 00:36:44,079
because with this method hypothetically

1029
00:36:47,750 --> 00:36:45,440
anywhere in the universe would

1030
00:36:49,670 --> 00:36:47,760
effectively be right next door because

1031
00:36:51,109 --> 00:36:49,680
we'd be traveling through a wormhole i

1032
00:36:53,190 --> 00:36:51,119
won't even attempt to get into the

1033
00:36:54,550 --> 00:36:53,200
physics of wormholes right now but all

1034
00:36:56,550 --> 00:36:54,560
you really need to know is that

1035
00:36:58,310 --> 00:36:56,560
wormholes are basically tunnels between

1036
00:37:00,710 --> 00:36:58,320
two black holes that connect two

1037
00:37:02,310 --> 00:37:00,720
different places in space time obviously

1038
00:37:03,910 --> 00:37:02,320
this would be ideal because we wouldn't

1039
00:37:06,550 --> 00:37:03,920
have to deal with figuring out a way to

1040
00:37:08,069 --> 00:37:06,560
travel across mine bending distances

1041
00:37:10,950 --> 00:37:08,079
but there are a few issues with this

1042
00:37:12,550 --> 00:37:10,960
method the first is that technically we

1043
00:37:15,270 --> 00:37:12,560
don't even know for sure that wormholes

1044
00:37:17,510 --> 00:37:15,280
exist it should be possible but until we

1045
00:37:19,349 --> 00:37:17,520
actually manage to find one or make one

1046
00:37:21,430 --> 00:37:19,359
it's all just speculative

1047
00:37:23,750 --> 00:37:21,440
and the second is that even if they do

1048
00:37:26,069 --> 00:37:23,760
exist we don't know if it would even be

1049
00:37:28,470 --> 00:37:26,079
possible for a human or anything else

1050
00:37:29,990 --> 00:37:28,480
for that matter to travel through one

1051
00:37:31,670 --> 00:37:30,000
and i don't know about you but i don't

1052
00:37:32,950 --> 00:37:31,680
think i'd volunteer to be the first one

1053
00:37:35,270 --> 00:37:32,960
to try it out

1054
00:37:37,670 --> 00:37:35,280
so going back to the question of whether

1055
00:37:40,310 --> 00:37:37,680
or not interstellar travel is possible

1056
00:37:41,750 --> 00:37:40,320
the answer is a hard maybe

1057
00:37:43,430 --> 00:37:41,760
we can't do it now with our current

1058
00:37:45,510 --> 00:37:43,440
technology but we're at least

1059
00:37:47,750 --> 00:37:45,520
tantalizingly close enough to be able to

1060
00:37:49,190 --> 00:37:47,760
speculate about potential methods

1061
00:37:51,430 --> 00:37:49,200
and it seems likely that we'll

1062
00:37:53,109 --> 00:37:51,440
eventually be able to make it happen

1063
00:37:55,109 --> 00:37:53,119
though whether that'll be in a hundred

1064
00:37:57,430 --> 00:37:55,119
years or a thousand years or ten

1065
00:37:59,430 --> 00:37:57,440
thousand years is hard to say but

1066
00:38:02,069 --> 00:37:59,440
certainly if we think about an advanced

1067
00:38:04,790 --> 00:38:02,079
civilization especially a type two or a

1068
00:38:06,710 --> 00:38:04,800
type three civilization it seems almost

1069
00:38:08,470 --> 00:38:06,720
a foregone conclusion that a species

1070
00:38:10,790 --> 00:38:08,480
that has achieved that level of

1071
00:38:13,030 --> 00:38:10,800
technological advancement would be able

1072
00:38:14,550 --> 00:38:13,040
to crack interstellar travel

1073
00:38:15,589 --> 00:38:14,560
so who's to say that they couldn't come

1074
00:38:22,880 --> 00:38:15,599
here

1075
00:39:21,990 --> 00:38:37,070
[Music]

1076
00:39:26,310 --> 00:39:23,829
there's another pretty major piece of

1077
00:39:27,670 --> 00:39:26,320
evidence that i frankly don't totally

1078
00:39:29,510 --> 00:39:27,680
know what to do with

1079
00:39:30,790 --> 00:39:29,520
and that's reported cases of alien

1080
00:39:32,150 --> 00:39:30,800
abductions

1081
00:39:33,670 --> 00:39:32,160
it's one thing to talk about the

1082
00:39:36,230 --> 00:39:33,680
likelihood of the existence of

1083
00:39:37,670 --> 00:39:36,240
intelligent life in the abstract or even

1084
00:39:40,390 --> 00:39:37,680
to have the more nuts and bolts

1085
00:39:42,230 --> 00:39:40,400
conversation about the craft themselves

1086
00:39:44,470 --> 00:39:42,240
but as soon as you start talking about

1087
00:39:45,670 --> 00:39:44,480
actual human encounters with non-human

1088
00:39:47,990 --> 00:39:45,680
intelligence

1089
00:39:50,230 --> 00:39:48,000
things get even more complicated

1090
00:39:52,790 --> 00:39:50,240
one major complicating factor is that

1091
00:39:54,150 --> 00:39:52,800
alien abduction is usually an individual

1092
00:39:56,150 --> 00:39:54,160
experience

1093
00:39:58,310 --> 00:39:56,160
and even when multiple people claim to

1094
00:40:00,310 --> 00:39:58,320
have been abducted at the same time

1095
00:40:03,190 --> 00:40:00,320
their experiences often differ in ways

1096
00:40:04,870 --> 00:40:03,200
that range from minor to significant

1097
00:40:07,510 --> 00:40:04,880
this also happens a lot with ufo

1098
00:40:09,430 --> 00:40:07,520
sightings for instance take the phoenix

1099
00:40:11,910 --> 00:40:09,440
lights incident which was witnessed by

1100
00:40:15,430 --> 00:40:11,920
hundreds if not thousands of people

1101
00:40:17,270 --> 00:40:15,440
over three hours and across 300 miles

1102
00:40:18,710 --> 00:40:17,280
from the nevada line all the way down

1103
00:40:20,630 --> 00:40:18,720
through tucson

1104
00:40:22,390 --> 00:40:20,640
when you have that many people reporting

1105
00:40:25,190 --> 00:40:22,400
this sighting independent from each

1106
00:40:27,990 --> 00:40:25,200
other and at the same time it's hard to

1107
00:40:29,910 --> 00:40:28,000
deny that they saw something but even

1108
00:40:32,790 --> 00:40:29,920
among those witnesses there is a lot of

1109
00:40:35,030 --> 00:40:32,800
variability in terms of what they saw

1110
00:40:36,470 --> 00:40:35,040
some people saw four lights some saw

1111
00:40:38,150 --> 00:40:36,480
five or six

1112
00:40:39,750 --> 00:40:38,160
some people said the lights were white

1113
00:40:42,069 --> 00:40:39,760
while others said that they were orange

1114
00:40:43,990 --> 00:40:42,079
or red and while many people agree that

1115
00:40:46,550 --> 00:40:44,000
the lights were part of one solid

1116
00:40:48,150 --> 00:40:46,560
v-shaped or triangular craft

1117
00:40:50,710 --> 00:40:48,160
others report seeing the lights moving

1118
00:40:52,470 --> 00:40:50,720
around independently of each other

1119
00:40:54,710 --> 00:40:52,480
this is pretty typical of reports

1120
00:40:57,109 --> 00:40:54,720
related to the ufo phenomenon

1121
00:40:59,270 --> 00:40:57,119
there's an infuriating variability and

1122
00:41:01,910 --> 00:40:59,280
lack of consistency not just between

1123
00:41:04,309 --> 00:41:01,920
different sightings but even within each

1124
00:41:06,630 --> 00:41:04,319
of the individual sightings themselves

1125
00:41:08,230 --> 00:41:06,640
and these inconsistencies become even

1126
00:41:10,710 --> 00:41:08,240
harder to parse when you're talking

1127
00:41:12,870 --> 00:41:10,720
about incidents that involve just one or

1128
00:41:14,790 --> 00:41:12,880
a handful of people as is typically the

1129
00:41:16,390 --> 00:41:14,800
case with abduction reports

1130
00:41:18,230 --> 00:41:16,400
further complicating the issue is that

1131
00:41:20,550 --> 00:41:18,240
many of the hallmarks of alien abduction

1132
00:41:22,870 --> 00:41:20,560
reports sound remarkably similar to a

1133
00:41:24,710 --> 00:41:22,880
relatively common phenomenon that nearly

1134
00:41:26,069 --> 00:41:24,720
half of all people experience at some

1135
00:41:27,589 --> 00:41:26,079
point in their lives

1136
00:41:29,829 --> 00:41:27,599
sleep paralysis

1137
00:41:31,910 --> 00:41:29,839
when you enter rem sleep a combination

1138
00:41:33,990 --> 00:41:31,920
of neurotransmitters in your brain

1139
00:41:36,550 --> 00:41:34,000
switches off moto neuron activity

1140
00:41:38,150 --> 00:41:36,560
effectively paralyzing you which keeps

1141
00:41:39,270 --> 00:41:38,160
you from harming yourself or others as

1142
00:41:41,109 --> 00:41:39,280
you dream

1143
00:41:42,790 --> 00:41:41,119
when this mechanism in the brain doesn't

1144
00:41:45,510 --> 00:41:42,800
work correctly people can end up

1145
00:41:47,589 --> 00:41:45,520
sleepwalking which can be dangerous in

1146
00:41:49,589 --> 00:41:47,599
extreme cases sleepwalkers have been

1147
00:41:52,630 --> 00:41:49,599
reported to do things like jump out of

1148
00:41:54,309 --> 00:41:52,640
fifth floor windows walk into traffic or

1149
00:41:56,710 --> 00:41:54,319
even commit murders

1150
00:41:59,270 --> 00:41:56,720
in many ways sleep paralysis is the

1151
00:42:01,349 --> 00:41:59,280
opposite of sleepwalking during normal

1152
00:42:03,349 --> 00:42:01,359
sleep the paralysis of rem sleep is

1153
00:42:05,109 --> 00:42:03,359
basically switched off before you wake

1154
00:42:07,109 --> 00:42:05,119
up but when this doesn't happen

1155
00:42:08,950 --> 00:42:07,119
correctly a person can wake up in a

1156
00:42:11,270 --> 00:42:08,960
state somewhere between sleeping and

1157
00:42:12,950 --> 00:42:11,280
waking up and find themselves still

1158
00:42:15,109 --> 00:42:12,960
unable to move

1159
00:42:16,230 --> 00:42:15,119
when this happens the amygdala the part

1160
00:42:18,710 --> 00:42:16,240
of your brain that deals with

1161
00:42:20,550 --> 00:42:18,720
identifying threats freaks out and

1162
00:42:22,630 --> 00:42:20,560
triggers a fight or flight response that

1163
00:42:24,390 --> 00:42:22,640
causes feelings of extreme fear in the

1164
00:42:27,030 --> 00:42:24,400
sleeper and in this state of

1165
00:42:29,349 --> 00:42:27,040
semi-wakefulness people can still have

1166
00:42:32,069 --> 00:42:29,359
dreamlike hallucinations which often

1167
00:42:33,510 --> 00:42:32,079
take on terrifying forms because of the

1168
00:42:34,790 --> 00:42:33,520
terror that the person is already

1169
00:42:36,870 --> 00:42:34,800
experiencing

1170
00:42:39,430 --> 00:42:36,880
and while these hallucinations can vary

1171
00:42:41,109 --> 00:42:39,440
wildly there are a lot of similarities

1172
00:42:44,069 --> 00:42:41,119
between common descriptions of sleep

1173
00:42:46,309 --> 00:42:44,079
paralysis and reports of alien abduction

1174
00:42:48,950 --> 00:42:46,319
people often report awakening to find a

1175
00:42:51,030 --> 00:42:48,960
malevolent intruder standing over them

1176
00:42:53,109 --> 00:42:51,040
feelings of extreme fear

1177
00:42:55,430 --> 00:42:53,119
feelings of being pulled or dragged out

1178
00:42:57,990 --> 00:42:55,440
of their bed and even experiences that

1179
00:43:00,150 --> 00:42:58,000
sound very similar to the grotesque and

1180
00:43:02,630 --> 00:43:00,160
often weirdly sexual experiments and

1181
00:43:03,990 --> 00:43:02,640
procedures that people report during an

1182
00:43:05,750 --> 00:43:04,000
alien abduction

1183
00:43:07,990 --> 00:43:05,760
so many people believe that alien

1184
00:43:09,510 --> 00:43:08,000
abductions are just misidentified cases

1185
00:43:10,950 --> 00:43:09,520
of sleep paralysis

1186
00:43:12,470 --> 00:43:10,960
and there's other evidence that this

1187
00:43:14,069 --> 00:43:12,480
could be the case beyond just the

1188
00:43:15,270 --> 00:43:14,079
similarities of the experiences

1189
00:43:17,190 --> 00:43:15,280
themselves

1190
00:43:19,430 --> 00:43:17,200
a significant number of people who claim

1191
00:43:21,190 --> 00:43:19,440
to have been abducted by aliens say that

1192
00:43:23,109 --> 00:43:21,200
they have had this experience multiple

1193
00:43:24,950 --> 00:43:23,119
times throughout their life and these

1194
00:43:26,950 --> 00:43:24,960
experiences often seem to run in

1195
00:43:29,190 --> 00:43:26,960
families where multiple family members

1196
00:43:30,950 --> 00:43:29,200
over multiple generations claim to have

1197
00:43:32,950 --> 00:43:30,960
experienced abduction

1198
00:43:35,270 --> 00:43:32,960
sleep paralysis more or less follows the

1199
00:43:37,190 --> 00:43:35,280
same pattern with around 40 percent of

1200
00:43:39,349 --> 00:43:37,200
people experiencing sleep paralysis at

1201
00:43:41,349 --> 00:43:39,359
least once in their lifetime and a much

1202
00:43:44,069 --> 00:43:41,359
smaller percentage of people about six

1203
00:43:46,309 --> 00:43:44,079
percent experiencing multiple episodes

1204
00:43:47,109 --> 00:43:46,319
of sleep paralysis over long periods of

1205
00:43:49,030 --> 00:43:47,119
time

1206
00:43:51,349 --> 00:43:49,040
and there's even evidence now that sleep

1207
00:43:53,430 --> 00:43:51,359
paralysis likely has a genetic component

1208
00:43:55,910 --> 00:43:53,440
suggesting that it could run in families

1209
00:43:57,829 --> 00:43:55,920
just like abduction experiences

1210
00:44:00,390 --> 00:43:57,839
however one glaring problem with this

1211
00:44:01,750 --> 00:44:00,400
theory is that not all alien abductees

1212
00:44:03,270 --> 00:44:01,760
claimed to have been taken at night

1213
00:44:05,430 --> 00:44:03,280
while they were sleeping

1214
00:44:07,270 --> 00:44:05,440
so while sleep paralysis could offer a

1215
00:44:08,630 --> 00:44:07,280
solid explanation for many alien

1216
00:44:10,470 --> 00:44:08,640
abduction cases

1217
00:44:12,550 --> 00:44:10,480
it can't explain all of them

1218
00:44:14,150 --> 00:44:12,560
so what else could be going on here

1219
00:44:15,829 --> 00:44:14,160
let's look at the example of what is

1220
00:44:18,069 --> 00:44:15,839
largely considered to be the first

1221
00:44:20,309 --> 00:44:18,079
reported case of alien abduction the

1222
00:44:23,510 --> 00:44:20,319
betty and barney hill incident in

1223
00:44:26,069 --> 00:44:23,520
september 1961 married couple betty and

1224
00:44:27,990 --> 00:44:26,079
barney hill were driving down a dark and

1225
00:44:29,190 --> 00:44:28,000
winding country road in new hampshire's

1226
00:44:31,510 --> 00:44:29,200
white mountains

1227
00:44:33,190 --> 00:44:31,520
they hadn't seen another car for miles

1228
00:44:34,870 --> 00:44:33,200
but the couple started to notice a

1229
00:44:36,390 --> 00:44:34,880
bright light in the sky that seemed to

1230
00:44:37,750 --> 00:44:36,400
be following them

1231
00:44:40,230 --> 00:44:37,760
the next thing they remembered was

1232
00:44:42,150 --> 00:44:40,240
arriving home in portsmouth at dawn

1233
00:44:45,030 --> 00:44:42,160
they were dirty their watches had

1234
00:44:47,270 --> 00:44:45,040
stopped betty's dress was torn and there

1235
00:44:48,870 --> 00:44:47,280
were two hours of the drive that neither

1236
00:44:50,309 --> 00:44:48,880
of them could remember

1237
00:44:51,990 --> 00:44:50,319
the hills sought the help of a

1238
00:44:54,630 --> 00:44:52,000
psychiatrist to help them understand

1239
00:44:57,109 --> 00:44:54,640
this terrifying and unsettling incident

1240
00:44:59,349 --> 00:44:57,119
and under hypnosis they claim to have

1241
00:45:01,750 --> 00:44:59,359
recovered memories of being abducted by

1242
00:45:04,230 --> 00:45:01,760
gray beings with large black eyes who

1243
00:45:06,390 --> 00:45:04,240
took them into a metallic disk shaped

1244
00:45:07,829 --> 00:45:06,400
craft the betty said was roughly the

1245
00:45:09,829 --> 00:45:07,839
size of their house

1246
00:45:11,910 --> 00:45:09,839
on the ship they were subjected to an

1247
00:45:13,990 --> 00:45:11,920
examination before their memories were

1248
00:45:16,150 --> 00:45:14,000
erased and they were returned home

1249
00:45:18,390 --> 00:45:16,160
in many ways this story has become the

1250
00:45:19,990 --> 00:45:18,400
blueprint for alien abduction

1251
00:45:22,069 --> 00:45:20,000
despite the stunning variety of

1252
00:45:23,750 --> 00:45:22,079
differences between abduction stories

1253
00:45:26,390 --> 00:45:23,760
there are certain elements of the hills

1254
00:45:28,870 --> 00:45:26,400
story that pop up again and again

1255
00:45:31,030 --> 00:45:28,880
a bright light in the sky a metallic and

1256
00:45:33,829 --> 00:45:31,040
often disc shaped craft

1257
00:45:35,829 --> 00:45:33,839
gray beings with large black eyes

1258
00:45:37,190 --> 00:45:35,839
failure of clocks and other machinery

1259
00:45:38,950 --> 00:45:37,200
and electronics

1260
00:45:40,950 --> 00:45:38,960
missing chunks of time

1261
00:45:42,390 --> 00:45:40,960
and being the subject of examinations

1262
00:45:44,069 --> 00:45:42,400
and experiments

1263
00:45:46,950 --> 00:45:44,079
and also like with the betty and barney

1264
00:45:48,950 --> 00:45:46,960
hill incident many abductees are only

1265
00:45:51,750 --> 00:45:48,960
able to initially access memories of

1266
00:45:53,349 --> 00:45:51,760
these incidents through hypnosis which

1267
00:45:55,349 --> 00:45:53,359
complicates things

1268
00:45:57,270 --> 00:45:55,359
there is a lot of controversy around the

1269
00:45:58,950 --> 00:45:57,280
use of hypnosis to recover lost or

1270
00:46:01,030 --> 00:45:58,960
repressed memories

1271
00:46:02,870 --> 00:46:01,040
some psychologists even question whether

1272
00:46:04,630 --> 00:46:02,880
it's even actually possible to banish

1273
00:46:07,109 --> 00:46:04,640
memories to your unconscious mind and

1274
00:46:09,589 --> 00:46:07,119
only become aware of them under hypnosis

1275
00:46:11,270 --> 00:46:09,599
because memories are entirely subjective

1276
00:46:13,190 --> 00:46:11,280
and there's no way to know definitively

1277
00:46:15,190 --> 00:46:13,200
what another person remembers or doesn't

1278
00:46:16,630 --> 00:46:15,200
remember at any given time

1279
00:46:19,510 --> 00:46:16,640
the scientific evidence for this

1280
00:46:21,510 --> 00:46:19,520
phenomenon is dubious at best

1281
00:46:23,430 --> 00:46:21,520
and even if the skeptics are wrong and

1282
00:46:25,030 --> 00:46:23,440
it is possible to entirely forget a

1283
00:46:26,470 --> 00:46:25,040
traumatic event and then recover it

1284
00:46:28,309 --> 00:46:26,480
under hypnosis

1285
00:46:29,750 --> 00:46:28,319
there is the added layer of complication

1286
00:46:31,910 --> 00:46:29,760
that comes from the fact that there's

1287
00:46:33,990 --> 00:46:31,920
considerable evidence that it's possible

1288
00:46:36,390 --> 00:46:34,000
to implant false memories into a

1289
00:46:39,670 --> 00:46:36,400
person's mind through hypnosis

1290
00:46:42,470 --> 00:46:39,680
for example in 2011 a woman named lisa

1291
00:46:44,630 --> 00:46:42,480
nassef of saint paul minnesota sued her

1292
00:46:46,550 --> 00:46:44,640
former therapist mark schwartz and

1293
00:46:48,470 --> 00:46:46,560
castlewood treatment center

1294
00:46:50,550 --> 00:46:48,480
saying that he had falsely implanted

1295
00:46:51,990 --> 00:46:50,560
memories during hypnosis that made her

1296
00:46:54,470 --> 00:46:52,000
believe that she had been part of a

1297
00:46:57,190 --> 00:46:54,480
satanic cult while receiving treatment

1298
00:46:59,349 --> 00:46:57,200
for anorexia nasa claimed that she had

1299
00:47:01,430 --> 00:46:59,359
experienced extreme anguish and was

1300
00:47:03,109 --> 00:47:01,440
isolated from her family and friends

1301
00:47:05,109 --> 00:47:03,119
because schwartz had made her believe

1302
00:47:07,589 --> 00:47:05,119
that her family and friends were members

1303
00:47:10,309 --> 00:47:07,599
of the satanic cult who had subjected

1304
00:47:12,870 --> 00:47:10,319
her to ritualistic abuse including

1305
00:47:14,710 --> 00:47:12,880
forcing her to eat babies

1306
00:47:16,710 --> 00:47:14,720
it wasn't until she left the facility

1307
00:47:18,870 --> 00:47:16,720
and began to connect with multiple other

1308
00:47:20,790 --> 00:47:18,880
patients who also believed that they had

1309
00:47:23,349 --> 00:47:20,800
recovered memories of being abused by a

1310
00:47:25,030 --> 00:47:23,359
satanic cult that lisa began to question

1311
00:47:26,950 --> 00:47:25,040
these recovered memories

1312
00:47:28,870 --> 00:47:26,960
after all what are the chances that

1313
00:47:31,750 --> 00:47:28,880
multiple people in this one small

1314
00:47:33,109 --> 00:47:31,760
facility had this exact same bizarre

1315
00:47:35,030 --> 00:47:33,119
experience

1316
00:47:37,670 --> 00:47:35,040
this questioning eventually led to the

1317
00:47:40,150 --> 00:47:37,680
lawsuit by nassif along with lawsuits by

1318
00:47:41,510 --> 00:47:40,160
three other unnamed women including one

1319
00:47:43,670 --> 00:47:41,520
who had come home from the treatment

1320
00:47:46,069 --> 00:47:43,680
center with memories of horrific sexual

1321
00:47:48,790 --> 00:47:46,079
abuse by a neighbor that her family says

1322
00:47:50,630 --> 00:47:48,800
logistically just couldn't have occurred

1323
00:47:52,549 --> 00:47:50,640
dr schwartz and castlewood treatment

1324
00:47:54,230 --> 00:47:52,559
center denied these claims

1325
00:47:56,870 --> 00:47:54,240
all four lawsuits were settled out of

1326
00:47:58,549 --> 00:47:56,880
court two years later in 2013.

1327
00:48:00,790 --> 00:47:58,559
many cases similar to this one have

1328
00:48:02,870 --> 00:48:00,800
occurred over the past several decades

1329
00:48:04,549 --> 00:48:02,880
including the infamous satanic panic of

1330
00:48:06,390 --> 00:48:04,559
the 80s and 90s

1331
00:48:07,829 --> 00:48:06,400
many of these cases have been debunked

1332
00:48:09,910 --> 00:48:07,839
and even more have been called into

1333
00:48:12,069 --> 00:48:09,920
serious question due to the lack of

1334
00:48:13,510 --> 00:48:12,079
evidence to support the validity of the

1335
00:48:14,549 --> 00:48:13,520
memories people have claimed to have

1336
00:48:16,470 --> 00:48:14,559
recovered

1337
00:48:18,549 --> 00:48:16,480
so it seems likely that at least in some

1338
00:48:20,230 --> 00:48:18,559
of these cases where people recover lost

1339
00:48:21,349 --> 00:48:20,240
memories that there's something deeper

1340
00:48:22,790 --> 00:48:21,359
going on

1341
00:48:24,790 --> 00:48:22,800
could this be the case with betty and

1342
00:48:27,030 --> 00:48:24,800
barney hill and other people who claim

1343
00:48:28,230 --> 00:48:27,040
to have experienced alien abduction

1344
00:48:30,390 --> 00:48:28,240
could their memories have been

1345
00:48:32,150 --> 00:48:30,400
intentionally fabricated or even

1346
00:48:33,510 --> 00:48:32,160
implanted into their minds during

1347
00:48:35,910 --> 00:48:33,520
hypnosis

1348
00:48:37,990 --> 00:48:35,920
it's hard to say but it seems like it's

1349
00:48:40,069 --> 00:48:38,000
probably possible and that's what makes

1350
00:48:41,750 --> 00:48:40,079
it so difficult to come to any clear

1351
00:48:44,470 --> 00:48:41,760
conclusion on the alien abduction

1352
00:48:46,390 --> 00:48:44,480
phenomenon and what it really represents

1353
00:48:47,910 --> 00:48:46,400
it's a highly subjective and messy

1354
00:48:49,910 --> 00:48:47,920
business to try to come up with an

1355
00:48:52,230 --> 00:48:49,920
answer that satisfies all the twists and

1356
00:48:54,630 --> 00:48:52,240
turns of this bizarre phenomenon and

1357
00:48:57,109 --> 00:48:54,640
likely there is no simple answer

1358
00:48:59,270 --> 00:48:57,119
however there is one aspect of the alien

1359
00:49:01,349 --> 00:48:59,280
abduction phenomenon that is especially

1360
00:49:03,589 --> 00:49:01,359
compelling and also deeply relevant to

1361
00:49:05,190 --> 00:49:03,599
the alien question and it's worth taking

1362
00:49:07,030 --> 00:49:05,200
a minute to explore

1363
00:49:09,030 --> 00:49:07,040
and that is the fact that in the vast

1364
00:49:12,230 --> 00:49:09,040
majority of alleged alien abduction

1365
00:49:15,109 --> 00:49:12,240
cases the aliens that abductees report

1366
00:49:17,589 --> 00:49:15,119
seeing are all similar in one very eerie

1367
00:49:18,790 --> 00:49:17,599
and seemingly impossible way they look

1368
00:49:20,790 --> 00:49:18,800
like us

1369
00:49:23,030 --> 00:49:20,800
many abductees claim to have encountered

1370
00:49:25,190 --> 00:49:23,040
gray big-eyed beings similar to those

1371
00:49:27,910 --> 00:49:25,200
reported by betty and barney hill

1372
00:49:30,549 --> 00:49:27,920
often referred to as the grays

1373
00:49:32,309 --> 00:49:30,559
some abductees report seeing tall grays

1374
00:49:33,990 --> 00:49:32,319
others see short grays that are only

1375
00:49:36,309 --> 00:49:34,000
about three feet tall

1376
00:49:39,349 --> 00:49:36,319
some see reptilian beings while others

1377
00:49:41,430 --> 00:49:39,359
see tall blonde human looking beings but

1378
00:49:43,750 --> 00:49:41,440
in the vast majority of cases these

1379
00:49:45,670 --> 00:49:43,760
various alien species despite their

1380
00:49:49,030 --> 00:49:45,680
differing appearances are still

1381
00:49:51,349 --> 00:49:49,040
distinctly and undeniably humanoid

1382
00:49:53,510 --> 00:49:51,359
by and large they have two eyes two ears

1383
00:49:55,990 --> 00:49:53,520
a mouth and a nose they have two arms

1384
00:49:58,470 --> 00:49:56,000
and two legs they walk upright

1385
00:50:01,430 --> 00:49:58,480
their entire body has the basic schema

1386
00:50:03,510 --> 00:50:01,440
of a human body and for many people that

1387
00:50:05,589 --> 00:50:03,520
right there is evidence that the alien

1388
00:50:08,150 --> 00:50:05,599
abduction phenomena must be the product

1389
00:50:09,430 --> 00:50:08,160
of sleep paralysis false memories or

1390
00:50:11,750 --> 00:50:09,440
even a hoax

1391
00:50:13,349 --> 00:50:11,760
basically anything except for actual

1392
00:50:15,510 --> 00:50:13,359
extraterrestrials

1393
00:50:17,349 --> 00:50:15,520
because when you think about it what are

1394
00:50:19,270 --> 00:50:17,359
the actual chances that beings from

1395
00:50:19,990 --> 00:50:19,280
another planet would look so much like

1396
00:50:22,309 --> 00:50:20,000
us

1397
00:50:24,390 --> 00:50:22,319
if evolution happens as the result of a

1398
00:50:26,230 --> 00:50:24,400
mind-bending number of random mutations

1399
00:50:28,069 --> 00:50:26,240
over time and then those genes are

1400
00:50:30,390 --> 00:50:28,079
selected based on their ability to help

1401
00:50:32,950 --> 00:50:30,400
a particular species better thrive in a

1402
00:50:34,790 --> 00:50:32,960
particular environment how likely is it

1403
00:50:36,790 --> 00:50:34,800
that beings that look so similar to

1404
00:50:38,950 --> 00:50:36,800
humans would evolve on a completely

1405
00:50:40,790 --> 00:50:38,960
different planet just think about how

1406
00:50:42,309 --> 00:50:40,800
different a human is from animals that

1407
00:50:44,790 --> 00:50:42,319
have evolved to live in the extreme

1408
00:50:46,470 --> 00:50:44,800
conditions of the mariana trench and yet

1409
00:50:48,069 --> 00:50:46,480
if you go far back enough we have a

1410
00:50:49,990 --> 00:50:48,079
common ancestor

1411
00:50:51,750 --> 00:50:50,000
how different might a species look that

1412
00:50:53,910 --> 00:50:51,760
evolved on a planet with completely

1413
00:50:56,870 --> 00:50:53,920
different gravity chemical makeup

1414
00:50:58,950 --> 00:50:56,880
atmosphere temperature etc

1415
00:51:01,109 --> 00:50:58,960
it feels logical to assume that if there

1416
00:51:02,950 --> 00:51:01,119
are extraterrestrial beings out there

1417
00:51:04,470 --> 00:51:02,960
they would almost certainly look vastly

1418
00:51:07,670 --> 00:51:04,480
different than anything that we've ever

1419
00:51:09,349 --> 00:51:07,680
seen before and yet surprisingly many

1420
00:51:11,430 --> 00:51:09,359
scientists are beginning to come around

1421
00:51:13,270 --> 00:51:11,440
to the idea that aliens might actually

1422
00:51:15,589 --> 00:51:13,280
look a lot more like us than we would

1423
00:51:17,430 --> 00:51:15,599
assume according to charles cockle a

1424
00:51:19,670 --> 00:51:17,440
professor of astrobiology at the

1425
00:51:22,069 --> 00:51:19,680
university of edinburgh in scotland

1426
00:51:24,150 --> 00:51:22,079
extraterrestrial life might look eerily

1427
00:51:26,390 --> 00:51:24,160
similar to the life that we see on earth

1428
00:51:29,109 --> 00:51:26,400
in cockles book the equations of life

1429
00:51:32,230 --> 00:51:29,119
how physics shapes evolution he suggests

1430
00:51:34,150 --> 00:51:32,240
that a universal biology may exist and

1431
00:51:35,990 --> 00:51:34,160
that life forms on earth could provide

1432
00:51:37,990 --> 00:51:36,000
us with a basic blueprint for the kinds

1433
00:51:40,390 --> 00:51:38,000
of life we are likely to find elsewhere

1434
00:51:42,390 --> 00:51:40,400
in the universe his basic premise is

1435
00:51:45,030 --> 00:51:42,400
that although the genetic mutations that

1436
00:51:46,870 --> 00:51:45,040
fuel evolution are random the particular

1437
00:51:48,790 --> 00:51:46,880
mutations that are selected for through

1438
00:51:50,710 --> 00:51:48,800
natural selection are not

1439
00:51:52,630 --> 00:51:50,720
these mutations are still subject to the

1440
00:51:54,150 --> 00:51:52,640
same laws of physics and are also

1441
00:51:56,950 --> 00:51:54,160
restricted by the conditions and

1442
00:51:59,270 --> 00:51:56,960
materials necessary for life to thrive

1443
00:52:01,030 --> 00:51:59,280
and according to cockle these factors

1444
00:52:02,870 --> 00:52:01,040
narrow the scope of evolution to a

1445
00:52:05,510 --> 00:52:02,880
degree that it's likely that life would

1446
00:52:07,190 --> 00:52:05,520
evolve in similar ways on another planet

1447
00:52:09,030 --> 00:52:07,200
we can see examples of how this might

1448
00:52:10,790 --> 00:52:09,040
work right here on earth

1449
00:52:12,549 --> 00:52:10,800
animals that live in cold environments

1450
00:52:13,990 --> 00:52:12,559
usually have thick fur

1451
00:52:15,829 --> 00:52:14,000
animals that live in the ocean are

1452
00:52:18,230 --> 00:52:15,839
typically hairless and have long sleek

1453
00:52:19,750 --> 00:52:18,240
bodies perfect for swimming in water

1454
00:52:21,589 --> 00:52:19,760
it's obvious just by looking at the

1455
00:52:23,270 --> 00:52:21,599
different species on earth that certain

1456
00:52:24,630 --> 00:52:23,280
environments and conditions tend to

1457
00:52:26,309 --> 00:52:24,640
produce certain body types and

1458
00:52:28,549 --> 00:52:26,319
characteristics

1459
00:52:30,630 --> 00:52:28,559
and despite these many differences there

1460
00:52:32,710 --> 00:52:30,640
are certain distinct similarities that

1461
00:52:35,750 --> 00:52:32,720
the vast majority of life on earth seems

1462
00:52:37,670 --> 00:52:35,760
to share such as bilateral symmetry

1463
00:52:39,430 --> 00:52:37,680
bilateral symmetry basically means that

1464
00:52:41,270 --> 00:52:39,440
you can draw a line down the center of

1465
00:52:42,309 --> 00:52:41,280
an organism and it's the same on both

1466
00:52:44,390 --> 00:52:42,319
sides

1467
00:52:46,390 --> 00:52:44,400
bilateral symmetry is great for things

1468
00:52:48,150 --> 00:52:46,400
like being able to walk or swim in a

1469
00:52:49,430 --> 00:52:48,160
straight line an accurate depth

1470
00:52:51,190 --> 00:52:49,440
perception

1471
00:52:53,510 --> 00:52:51,200
when you try to imagine an animal that

1472
00:52:55,750 --> 00:52:53,520
has any kind of significant asymmetry

1473
00:52:57,829 --> 00:52:55,760
and how it might operate it's easy to

1474
00:52:59,990 --> 00:52:57,839
see how bilateral symmetry could very

1475
00:53:02,790 --> 00:53:00,000
possibly be necessary to the evolution

1476
00:53:04,790 --> 00:53:02,800
of complex and intelligent life forms so

1477
00:53:05,990 --> 00:53:04,800
evolution really might not be as random

1478
00:53:08,150 --> 00:53:06,000
as we think

1479
00:53:09,750 --> 00:53:08,160
more evidence to support this idea comes

1480
00:53:11,589 --> 00:53:09,760
in the form of a concept called

1481
00:53:16,230 --> 00:53:11,599
convergent evolution

1482
00:53:18,230 --> 00:53:16,240
that evolve similar features entirely

1483
00:53:20,790 --> 00:53:18,240
independently from one another

1484
00:53:23,190 --> 00:53:20,800
for example sharks and dolphins look

1485
00:53:25,109 --> 00:53:23,200
very similar despite sharks being an

1486
00:53:27,589 --> 00:53:25,119
egg-laying fish and dolphins being a

1487
00:53:31,349 --> 00:53:27,599
mammal and their last common ancestor

1488
00:53:33,510 --> 00:53:31,359
swam the seas 290 million years ago

1489
00:53:36,069 --> 00:53:33,520
that's 60 million years before the

1490
00:53:38,630 --> 00:53:36,079
earliest dinosaurs appeared on the earth

1491
00:53:40,630 --> 00:53:38,640
even more surprisingly flight appears to

1492
00:53:42,390 --> 00:53:40,640
have evolved separately and at four

1493
00:53:46,470 --> 00:53:42,400
different times in history

1494
00:53:48,069 --> 00:53:46,480
in insects bats birds and pterosaurs

1495
00:53:50,790 --> 00:53:48,079
and the mechanism for how these animals

1496
00:53:53,349 --> 00:53:50,800
fly is virtually identical stranger

1497
00:53:55,589 --> 00:53:53,359
still both octopuses and humans

1498
00:53:59,109 --> 00:53:55,599
separately evolved camera-like eyes with

1499
00:54:01,109 --> 00:53:59,119
an iris a lens and a retina a very exact

1500
00:54:02,870 --> 00:54:01,119
and complex set of structures all of

1501
00:54:05,190 --> 00:54:02,880
which are essential parts of an imaging

1502
00:54:07,630 --> 00:54:05,200
device and this happened despite our

1503
00:54:11,109 --> 00:54:07,640
last common ancestor existing

1504
00:54:12,390 --> 00:54:11,119
750 million years ago all of this is to

1505
00:54:13,870 --> 00:54:12,400
say that although it might be

1506
00:54:15,750 --> 00:54:13,880
counterintuitive to think that

1507
00:54:17,589 --> 00:54:15,760
extraterrestrials could have similar

1508
00:54:20,710 --> 00:54:17,599
features and body structures to humans

1509
00:54:22,390 --> 00:54:20,720
as is reported by most alleged abductees

1510
00:54:24,630 --> 00:54:22,400
the more we learn about how evolution

1511
00:54:26,309 --> 00:54:24,640
actually works the more likely it seems

1512
00:54:27,430 --> 00:54:26,319
that these beings could look very much

1513
00:54:29,750 --> 00:54:27,440
like us

1514
00:54:32,069 --> 00:54:29,760
so i've thrown a ton of information at

1515
00:54:33,990 --> 00:54:32,079
you and yet it probably feels like we're

1516
00:54:35,910 --> 00:54:34,000
no closer to an answer when it comes to

1517
00:54:38,150 --> 00:54:35,920
the question of whether or not ufos

1518
00:54:39,990 --> 00:54:38,160
could be extraterrestrial technology

1519
00:54:41,430 --> 00:54:40,000
than we were when we started

1520
00:54:42,710 --> 00:54:41,440
and that's okay

1521
00:54:44,870 --> 00:54:42,720
if we're going to continue down this

1522
00:54:47,270 --> 00:54:44,880
rabbit hole we need to get cozy with

1523
00:54:49,430 --> 00:54:47,280
ambiguity and uncertainty because there

1524
00:54:51,910 --> 00:54:49,440
are no straightforward answers here

1525
00:54:54,069 --> 00:54:51,920
we can say that it's probable that alien

1526
00:54:55,829 --> 00:54:54,079
life forms exist and that a certain

1527
00:54:57,829 --> 00:54:55,839
percentage of that life though we don't

1528
00:55:00,150 --> 00:54:57,839
know how large or vanishingly small that

1529
00:55:01,750 --> 00:55:00,160
percentage might be has likely evolved

1530
00:55:03,670 --> 00:55:01,760
to a level of intelligence that would

1531
00:55:05,430 --> 00:55:03,680
make space travel possible

1532
00:55:07,190 --> 00:55:05,440
we can say that interstellar space

1533
00:55:08,470 --> 00:55:07,200
travel is theoretically possible and

1534
00:55:10,069 --> 00:55:08,480
that it seems likely that a more

1535
00:55:12,309 --> 00:55:10,079
advanced civilization than ourselves

1536
00:55:13,990 --> 00:55:12,319
could undertake such an enterprise and

1537
00:55:15,670 --> 00:55:14,000
while we can't say with certainty that

1538
00:55:18,150 --> 00:55:15,680
humans have yet encountered any of these

1539
00:55:20,390 --> 00:55:18,160
beings the reports that we do have of

1540
00:55:21,670 --> 00:55:20,400
such alleged encounters are more or less

1541
00:55:23,829 --> 00:55:21,680
in line with what scientists would

1542
00:55:25,750 --> 00:55:23,839
expect these beings to look like

1543
00:55:27,990 --> 00:55:25,760
but is it aliens

1544
00:55:29,829 --> 00:55:28,000
that's hard to say there's this idea in

1545
00:55:33,270 --> 00:55:29,839
math called a transitive property that

1546
00:55:34,549 --> 00:55:33,280
basically says that if a equals b and b

1547
00:55:39,109 --> 00:55:34,559
equals c

1548
00:55:41,750 --> 00:55:39,119
so for example cats are mammals

1549
00:55:43,829 --> 00:55:41,760
mammals are warm-blooded therefore cats

1550
00:55:45,829 --> 00:55:43,839
are warm-blooded and this feels like a

1551
00:55:48,470 --> 00:55:45,839
situation where you could say that if

1552
00:55:51,510 --> 00:55:48,480
ufos are real and if ufos are alien

1553
00:55:54,230 --> 00:55:51,520
technology then aliens must be real

1554
00:55:56,870 --> 00:55:54,240
but that logical leap only works if ufos

1555
00:55:58,710 --> 00:55:56,880
are alien technology and we're not at a

1556
00:56:00,630 --> 00:55:58,720
place where we can assume that

1557
00:56:03,270 --> 00:56:00,640
in fact as we'll discuss in our next

1558
00:56:05,510 --> 00:56:03,280
episode although we tend to equate ufos

1559
00:56:06,789 --> 00:56:05,520
with extraterrestrials there are several

1560
00:56:09,349 --> 00:56:06,799
other possibilities that could

1561
00:56:11,349 --> 00:56:09,359
potentially explain the ufo phenomenon

1562
00:56:13,990 --> 00:56:11,359
and if you listen closely to what former

1563
00:56:15,829 --> 00:56:14,000
atip director lou elizondo and others in

1564
00:56:18,150 --> 00:56:15,839
the disclosure movement with access to

1565
00:56:20,390 --> 00:56:18,160
privileged information are actually

1566
00:56:21,910 --> 00:56:20,400
saying you may begin to wonder if what

1567
00:56:24,309 --> 00:56:21,920
we're dealing with is really of

1568
00:56:26,390 --> 00:56:24,319
extraterrestrial origin listen to lou

1569
00:56:28,549 --> 00:56:26,400
elizondo's response to a question on the

1570
00:56:30,069 --> 00:56:28,559
fade to black podcast when host jimmy

1571
00:56:32,710 --> 00:56:30,079
church asked a question about the

1572
00:56:34,390 --> 00:56:32,720
origins of the infamous tic tac ufo from

1573
00:56:36,549 --> 00:56:34,400
the nimitz incident

1574
00:56:41,510 --> 00:56:36,559
the tic tac

1575
00:56:43,670 --> 00:56:41,520
not of this earth

1576
00:56:47,589 --> 00:56:43,680
the nimitz encounter

1577
00:56:48,710 --> 00:56:47,599
that the tic tac is that not of this

1578
00:56:50,710 --> 00:56:48,720
earth

1579
00:56:52,069 --> 00:56:50,720
jimmy forgive me for saying this i i

1580
00:56:54,630 --> 00:56:52,079
don't want to correct you publicly but

1581
00:56:57,990 --> 00:56:54,640
you're asking the wrong question

1582
00:57:02,150 --> 00:56:58,000
the question should be is the tic tac

1583
00:57:04,789 --> 00:57:02,160
man-made or is the tic tac us or is it

1584
00:57:07,670 --> 00:57:04,799
tic tac us or foreign adversary

1585
00:57:09,829 --> 00:57:07,680
technology the answer is no but when you

1586
00:57:12,230 --> 00:57:09,839
say is it from this earth

1587
00:57:15,750 --> 00:57:12,240
we don't know that's that's you know

1588
00:57:17,270 --> 00:57:15,760
this is why we've always stated before

1589
00:57:18,470 --> 00:57:17,280
from our position

1590
00:57:20,549 --> 00:57:18,480
we don't know if these things are from

1591
00:57:22,390 --> 00:57:20,559
outer space inner space or frankly the

1592
00:57:24,470 --> 00:57:22,400
space in between as you you begin to

1593
00:57:26,710 --> 00:57:24,480
understand the world of quantum physics

1594
00:57:28,870 --> 00:57:26,720
there's a whole lot of reality around us

1595
00:57:30,710 --> 00:57:28,880
and we don't interact with it um you

1596
00:57:32,710 --> 00:57:30,720
know we're used to the newtonian uh

1597
00:57:34,150 --> 00:57:32,720
understanding of the world physics where

1598
00:57:36,309 --> 00:57:34,160
you know gravity and apple falls from a

1599
00:57:37,910 --> 00:57:36,319
tree and then along comes einstein

1600
00:57:39,430 --> 00:57:37,920
several hundred years later and talks

1601
00:57:41,829 --> 00:57:39,440
about this thing called relativity where

1602
00:57:43,589 --> 00:57:41,839
space time is actually flexible and only

1603
00:57:45,750 --> 00:57:43,599
in the last 20 30 years have we really

1604
00:57:47,510 --> 00:57:45,760
begin to explore the world of quantum

1605
00:57:50,230 --> 00:57:47,520
quantum physics the quantum world the

1606
00:57:53,510 --> 00:57:50,240
quantum states and we're realizing all

1607
00:57:55,829 --> 00:57:53,520
these realities as as as opposite as

1608
00:57:57,430 --> 00:57:55,839
they may seem to us are actually very

1609
00:58:00,230 --> 00:57:57,440
much part of the natural environment and

1610
00:58:02,390 --> 00:58:00,240
so my point being there may be realities

1611
00:58:03,349 --> 00:58:02,400
all around us that we simply don't

1612
00:58:05,430 --> 00:58:03,359
perceive

1613
00:58:07,829 --> 00:58:05,440
you know we're very limited as a species

1614
00:58:10,390 --> 00:58:07,839
we live in a three-dimensional space x y

1615
00:58:12,309 --> 00:58:10,400
z axis and time which is a function of i

1616
00:58:15,270 --> 00:58:12,319
guess of the fourth dimension and and

1617
00:58:18,789 --> 00:58:15,280
that's expressed in a linear linear

1618
00:58:20,789 --> 00:58:18,799
if you will linear motion for us

1619
00:58:22,470 --> 00:58:20,799
but that's not to say that there aren't

1620
00:58:24,950 --> 00:58:22,480
other things all around us we sense the

1621
00:58:27,829 --> 00:58:24,960
universe through the five primary senses

1622
00:58:29,030 --> 00:58:27,839
of sight smell touch taste and hearing

1623
00:58:31,270 --> 00:58:29,040
and yet

1624
00:58:33,190 --> 00:58:31,280
we know that we only perceive

1625
00:58:34,789 --> 00:58:33,200
one percent of one percent of the

1626
00:58:36,789 --> 00:58:34,799
universe that's around us

1627
00:58:38,630 --> 00:58:36,799
most of the universe remains completely

1628
00:58:40,789 --> 00:58:38,640
invisible to us and i don't mean the

1629
00:58:43,270 --> 00:58:40,799
universe out there i mean the universe

1630
00:58:45,670 --> 00:58:43,280
right here let me put that into context

1631
00:58:48,549 --> 00:58:45,680
we know less than five percent about our

1632
00:58:49,510 --> 00:58:48,559
deepest oceans right we we

1633
00:58:50,870 --> 00:58:49,520
really don't even have a good

1634
00:58:53,670 --> 00:58:50,880
understanding of what lives in our own

1635
00:58:55,750 --> 00:58:53,680
planet let alone anywhere else

1636
00:58:58,390 --> 00:58:55,760
we when you look at the human being we

1637
00:59:00,470 --> 00:58:58,400
are exactly in the middle of the scale

1638
00:59:02,069 --> 00:59:00,480
of the universe

1639
00:59:03,870 --> 00:59:02,079
if you were to take us being the

1640
00:59:06,230 --> 00:59:03,880
smallest thing and look at the

1641
00:59:08,390 --> 00:59:06,240
grandiosity of the universe which is

1642
00:59:10,710 --> 00:59:08,400
13.5 billion light years in this

1643
00:59:13,190 --> 00:59:10,720
direction and 13.5 billion light years

1644
00:59:15,349 --> 00:59:13,200
in that direction right 27 billion light

1645
00:59:17,030 --> 00:59:15,359
years in distance which is a lot we seem

1646
00:59:20,390 --> 00:59:17,040
pretty small

1647
00:59:23,430 --> 00:59:20,400
by that scale there is equally the same

1648
00:59:26,549 --> 00:59:23,440
amount of space inside of the human body

1649
00:59:28,710 --> 00:59:26,559
there is this entire universe inside of

1650
00:59:30,390 --> 00:59:28,720
us when you talk about not just the

1651
00:59:31,589 --> 00:59:30,400
cells of the body or even the atom if

1652
00:59:33,510 --> 00:59:31,599
you start talking about subatomic

1653
00:59:35,190 --> 00:59:33,520
particles you start talking about muons

1654
00:59:37,190 --> 00:59:35,200
and quarks

1655
00:59:38,870 --> 00:59:37,200
this is reality this is real even though

1656
00:59:41,270 --> 00:59:38,880
we can't interact with it there is this

1657
00:59:42,789 --> 00:59:41,280
entire universe inside each and every

1658
00:59:43,670 --> 00:59:42,799
one of us now i don't want to get you

1659
00:59:46,470 --> 00:59:43,680
know

1660
00:59:48,630 --> 00:59:46,480
to off off the beaten path here but my

1661
00:59:51,910 --> 00:59:48,640
point being is that

1662
00:59:54,230 --> 00:59:51,920
there is so much we don't understand

1663
00:59:55,190 --> 00:59:54,240
about the universe let alone our own

1664
00:59:59,670 --> 00:59:55,200
selves

1665
01:00:03,430 --> 00:59:59,680
so i think it is it is foolhardy for us

1666
01:00:04,789 --> 01:00:03,440
to even begin to say definitively that

1667
01:00:06,710 --> 01:00:04,799
well

1668
01:00:08,789 --> 01:00:06,720
the buck stops with us

1669
01:00:10,789 --> 01:00:08,799
crazy right and then there was a

1670
01:00:13,430 --> 01:00:10,799
puzzling and intriguing answer that he

1671
01:00:15,349 --> 01:00:13,440
gave on that ufo podcast when he was

1672
01:00:17,270 --> 01:00:15,359
asked about a previous statement he had

1673
01:00:21,750 --> 01:00:17,280
made where he said basically

1674
01:00:22,950 --> 01:00:21,760
what if it's not mankind but mankind's

1675
01:00:24,710 --> 01:00:22,960
listen

1676
01:00:25,990 --> 01:00:24,720
you've led me very nicely into this next

1677
01:00:28,069 --> 01:00:26,000
question because i'm actually going to

1678
01:00:30,549 --> 01:00:28,079
throw back at you a question you once

1679
01:00:31,910 --> 01:00:30,559
asked on a piece you'd run the youtube

1680
01:00:33,750 --> 01:00:31,920
videos out there i'm not too sure of the

1681
01:00:34,950 --> 01:00:33,760
context behind it but

1682
01:00:36,150 --> 01:00:34,960
it was certainly something that stuck

1683
01:00:38,630 --> 01:00:36,160
with me and a lot of other people as

1684
01:00:41,030 --> 01:00:38,640
well and you asked once for people to

1685
01:00:42,470 --> 01:00:41,040
consider what if it wasn't mankind but

1686
01:00:44,230 --> 01:00:42,480
mankind's

1687
01:00:45,589 --> 01:00:44,240
and what would that mean for us

1688
01:00:47,349 --> 01:00:45,599
could you elaborate on that because

1689
01:00:49,510 --> 01:00:47,359
that's something people go back to more

1690
01:00:50,950 --> 01:00:49,520
and more and as

1691
01:00:52,630 --> 01:00:50,960
more or less hypothetical that's what

1692
01:00:54,630 --> 01:00:52,640
i'm going to put it as but people would

1693
01:00:56,390 --> 01:00:54,640
assume you come from a better

1694
01:00:57,829 --> 01:00:56,400
understanding a place of knowledge than

1695
01:01:01,030 --> 01:00:57,839
most would

1696
01:01:02,870 --> 01:01:01,040
yeah wow uh

1697
01:01:05,670 --> 01:01:02,880
boy you're getting some really really

1698
01:01:07,510 --> 01:01:05,680
good and personal questions um

1699
01:01:09,750 --> 01:01:07,520
let me see if i can answer that in a

1700
01:01:11,990 --> 01:01:09,760
meaningful way without leading the

1701
01:01:13,750 --> 01:01:12,000
witness we live in a three-dimensional

1702
01:01:17,030 --> 01:01:13,760
world

1703
01:01:19,750 --> 01:01:17,040
where time is a function of the fourth

1704
01:01:21,670 --> 01:01:19,760
dimension if you will and we experience

1705
01:01:23,750 --> 01:01:21,680
time as being linear it's a linear

1706
01:01:26,789 --> 01:01:23,760
function or a process

1707
01:01:28,390 --> 01:01:26,799
but we now know in the quantum world

1708
01:01:32,309 --> 01:01:28,400
that

1709
01:01:34,069 --> 01:01:32,319
time because of the work of einstein and

1710
01:01:36,549 --> 01:01:34,079
others that space and time are are

1711
01:01:38,630 --> 01:01:36,559
joined together and we know that space

1712
01:01:40,230 --> 01:01:38,640
time is flexible it's called relativity

1713
01:01:42,150 --> 01:01:40,240
we see it around massive objects all the

1714
01:01:43,430 --> 01:01:42,160
time not just earth but the sun black

1715
01:01:46,549 --> 01:01:43,440
holes

1716
01:01:48,630 --> 01:01:46,559
so the linear universe that

1717
01:01:50,950 --> 01:01:48,640
we experience

1718
01:01:53,510 --> 01:01:50,960
to some degree really isn't and when you

1719
01:01:55,430 --> 01:01:53,520
look at the quantum state of things even

1720
01:01:57,270 --> 01:01:55,440
an electron for example

1721
01:01:59,670 --> 01:01:57,280
uh you learned in high school that an

1722
01:02:01,750 --> 01:01:59,680
electron orbits an atom and we now know

1723
01:02:03,349 --> 01:02:01,760
that's really a very simplistic way of

1724
01:02:05,029 --> 01:02:03,359
looking at things that the electron

1725
01:02:07,190 --> 01:02:05,039
doesn't orbit around the atom in fact

1726
01:02:09,510 --> 01:02:07,200
it's called an electron cloud because

1727
01:02:11,589 --> 01:02:09,520
the electron is is

1728
01:02:13,589 --> 01:02:11,599
both all in all places and none of the

1729
01:02:14,950 --> 01:02:13,599
places all at the same time it's kind of

1730
01:02:16,470 --> 01:02:14,960
weird but

1731
01:02:19,029 --> 01:02:16,480
my point being is that if you were to

1732
01:02:20,630 --> 01:02:19,039
look at time and think of a think of a

1733
01:02:22,069 --> 01:02:20,640
cigarette burning

1734
01:02:23,990 --> 01:02:22,079
when you look at the notion of the

1735
01:02:26,150 --> 01:02:24,000
future most people would would define

1736
01:02:28,789 --> 01:02:26,160
the future as those events that have not

1737
01:02:30,950 --> 01:02:28,799
yet happened and the past is defined by

1738
01:02:32,710 --> 01:02:30,960
events that have already happened

1739
01:02:35,670 --> 01:02:32,720
and when you look at that construct then

1740
01:02:37,829 --> 01:02:35,680
the definition of the present must be a

1741
01:02:40,589 --> 01:02:37,839
a moment in space time probably measured

1742
01:02:42,630 --> 01:02:40,599
in playing time very infinitesimal and

1743
01:02:45,670 --> 01:02:42,640
infinitesimally small

1744
01:02:48,150 --> 01:02:45,680
moment of space time where the future is

1745
01:02:50,710 --> 01:02:48,160
transitioning into the past it's it's

1746
01:02:53,190 --> 01:02:50,720
it's it's not a point in time it's a

1747
01:02:54,630 --> 01:02:53,200
process it's an event that's occurring

1748
01:02:56,789 --> 01:02:54,640
so a way to look at that in late

1749
01:02:57,829 --> 01:02:56,799
perspective is think of a cigarette or a

1750
01:03:03,589 --> 01:02:57,839
cigar

1751
01:03:05,349 --> 01:03:03,599
already burnt to ash is the past

1752
01:03:07,510 --> 01:03:05,359
that part of the cigar cigarette or

1753
01:03:10,069 --> 01:03:07,520
cigar that has not yet burned

1754
01:03:11,430 --> 01:03:10,079
is the future and the cherry that moment

1755
01:03:14,230 --> 01:03:11,440
of ignition

1756
01:03:16,549 --> 01:03:14,240
that spark of where the future is now be

1757
01:03:18,230 --> 01:03:16,559
getting consumed and becoming the past

1758
01:03:20,870 --> 01:03:18,240
that is the present and we as human

1759
01:03:23,029 --> 01:03:20,880
beings we live at that moment all of our

1760
01:03:26,470 --> 01:03:23,039
hopes our fears our memories love hate

1761
01:03:29,670 --> 01:03:26,480
good bad all that is an expression

1762
01:03:30,510 --> 01:03:29,680
of of an experience that occurs

1763
01:03:32,470 --> 01:03:30,520
at an

1764
01:03:34,309 --> 01:03:32,480
infinitesimally small moment of space

1765
01:03:36,870 --> 01:03:34,319
time like i said probably measured in

1766
01:03:41,109 --> 01:03:38,870
that is how we we

1767
01:03:42,950 --> 01:03:41,119
we experience the present but what if

1768
01:03:45,510 --> 01:03:42,960
there were

1769
01:03:47,829 --> 01:03:45,520
things that had the ability to

1770
01:03:49,109 --> 01:03:47,839
experience where where the present was a

1771
01:03:52,630 --> 01:03:49,119
much bigger

1772
01:03:54,150 --> 01:03:52,640
transition where more elements of the

1773
01:03:55,589 --> 01:03:54,160
future in the past

1774
01:03:57,109 --> 01:03:55,599
are experienced

1775
01:03:59,029 --> 01:03:57,119
as in the present

1776
01:04:03,430 --> 01:03:59,039
and can do that also physically right so

1777
01:04:06,230 --> 01:04:03,440
it's not just not just uh uh a an idea

1778
01:04:08,789 --> 01:04:06,240
but uh what if there were species out

1779
01:04:11,109 --> 01:04:08,799
there that that experienced the universe

1780
01:04:13,270 --> 01:04:11,119
uh in it with it with an extra level of

1781
01:04:14,630 --> 01:04:13,280
dimension and so you and i are having

1782
01:04:16,230 --> 01:04:14,640
this conversation right now with your

1783
01:04:18,950 --> 01:04:16,240
audience and we're having this

1784
01:04:20,390 --> 01:04:18,960
conversation right here right now but if

1785
01:04:22,150 --> 01:04:20,400
i were to have the ability to have this

1786
01:04:24,549 --> 01:04:22,160
conversation right here but five minutes

1787
01:04:26,230 --> 01:04:24,559
ago or five minutes from now

1788
01:04:28,069 --> 01:04:26,240
we would never meet we'd be like two

1789
01:04:29,029 --> 01:04:28,079
ships passing in the night

1790
01:04:30,789 --> 01:04:29,039
um

1791
01:04:33,270 --> 01:04:30,799
is it possible that maybe some of these

1792
01:04:35,910 --> 01:04:33,280
things these uap have the ability

1793
01:04:37,990 --> 01:04:35,920
we experience in them we we experience

1794
01:04:40,390 --> 01:04:38,000
them when they are right here right now

1795
01:04:41,589 --> 01:04:40,400
and every other every other time we we

1796
01:04:45,190 --> 01:04:41,599
don't because we're simply not

1797
01:04:48,630 --> 01:04:45,200
intersecting uh with that with that uh

1798
01:04:50,549 --> 01:04:48,640
extra dimensional space of of of time

1799
01:04:52,870 --> 01:04:50,559
um you know when you look at that

1800
01:04:55,510 --> 01:04:52,880
cigarette or cigar burning

1801
01:04:57,190 --> 01:04:55,520
you'll notice that it never burns evenly

1802
01:04:58,950 --> 01:04:57,200
when you look at it up close and you can

1803
01:05:00,630 --> 01:04:58,960
kind of remove the glare and the flare

1804
01:05:03,109 --> 01:05:00,640
from the from the burn

1805
01:05:05,910 --> 01:05:03,119
we realize that that

1806
01:05:07,990 --> 01:05:05,920
there are portions of the future of the

1807
01:05:09,109 --> 01:05:08,000
portions of the cigar that haven't

1808
01:05:11,510 --> 01:05:09,119
burned yet

1809
01:05:13,829 --> 01:05:11,520
uh behind portions of the cigar that

1810
01:05:15,029 --> 01:05:13,839
already has burned it's it's not an even

1811
01:05:16,230 --> 01:05:15,039
burn

1812
01:05:21,270 --> 01:05:16,240
quantum

1813
01:05:23,510 --> 01:05:21,280
theory uh is beginning to to show some

1814
01:05:25,670 --> 01:05:23,520
of the models for that so

1815
01:05:27,430 --> 01:05:25,680
um i know i'm going in a very

1816
01:05:28,789 --> 01:05:27,440
long-winded roundabout way to answer

1817
01:05:30,789 --> 01:05:28,799
your question about what i meant about

1818
01:05:32,549 --> 01:05:30,799
mankind

1819
01:05:33,829 --> 01:05:32,559
but i guess my answer to that is it's

1820
01:05:37,109 --> 01:05:33,839
limitless

1821
01:05:39,270 --> 01:05:37,119
we every time we put a limitation on

1822
01:05:40,309 --> 01:05:39,280
mother nature she defies

1823
01:05:44,069 --> 01:05:40,319
our

1824
01:05:46,470 --> 01:05:44,079
so that's where we'll pick up next time

1825
01:05:49,430 --> 01:05:46,480
with the idea that the extraterrestrial

1826
01:05:51,109 --> 01:05:49,440
hypothesis for the origin of ufos is

1827
01:05:53,029 --> 01:05:51,119
actually one of the least bizarre and

1828
01:05:54,950 --> 01:05:53,039
exotic explanations

1829
01:05:57,029 --> 01:05:54,960
and that what we're dealing with here

1830
01:05:59,109 --> 01:05:57,039
might lead us to answers that shatter

1831
01:06:01,109 --> 01:05:59,119
our paradigms in ways that could make us

1832
01:06:03,750 --> 01:06:01,119
wish for something as simple and

1833
01:06:07,440 --> 01:06:03,760
clear-cut as an alien invasion